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1、HunanisaprovineeofChina,locatedinthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiverandsouthofLakeDongting（heneethenameHunan,meaning"southofthelake*'）.HunanissometimescalledXiangforshort,aftertheXiangRiverwhichrunsthroughtheprovinee.HunanbordersHubeiinthenorth,Jiangxitotheeast,Guangdongtothesouth,Guangxitothesouthw
2、est,Guizhoutothewest,andChongqingtothenorthwest.IfscapitalisChangsha・HistoryHunanenteredthewrittenhistoryofChinaaround350BC,whenunderthekingsoftheZhoudynastyitbecamepartoftheStateofChu.UntilthenHunanwasalandofprimeval（［prai'mi^el］,原始的）forests,occupiedbytheancestors（［空nsis⑻，祖先，祖宗）ofthemodernMiao,Tu
3、jia,DongandYaopeoples,butstartingatthistimeandforhundredsofyearsthereafter（此后,在那之后）itwasamagnet（有吸引力的人或物）formigration（［maigreifen］,迁移，迁居，迁徙）ofHanChinesefromthenorth,whoclearedmostoftheforestsandbeganfarmingriceinthevalleysandplains.Tothisday,manyofthesmallvillagesinHunanarenamedaftertheHanfamilies
4、whichoriginally（［eY^eneli:］,起初，原来）settledthere.Migrationfromthenorthwasespeciallyprevalent（［'prevalent］,普遍的,盛行的,流行的）duringtheEasternJinDynastyandtheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesPeriods,whennomadic（［neumaedik］,游牧的，流浪的）invadersoverran（占领，侵害）thenorth.DuringtheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,Hunanwas
5、hometoitsownindependentregime,MaChu.Hunan,was,togetherwithHubei,apartoftheprovineeofHuguangtilltheQingdynasty.HunanbecameanimportantcommunicationscenterfromitspositionontheYangziRiver（Changjiang）andontheImperial（［im'pioriel］,帝国的，帝王的）HighwayconstructedbetweennorthernandsouthernChina.Itslandproduced
6、grainsoabundantly（［ebAndentli］）thatitfedmanypartsofChinawithitssurpluses（［'series］,过剩的）.Thepopulationcontinuedtoclimbuntil,bythenineteenthcentury,Hunanwasovercrowdedandprone（［preun］）to（倾于）peasant（［'pezent］,农民，农夫）uprisings（起义，暴动）.TheTaipingRebellion([iTbelion])whichbegantothesouthinGuangxiProvincei
7、n1850spreadintoHunanandthenfurthereastwardalongtheYangziRivervalley,butultimately([Altemitli],最后,最终)itwasaHunanesearmyunderZengGuofanwhichmarchedtoNanjingandputdowntheuprisingin1864.Hunanwasrelatively(相对来说)quietu
