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1、Unit1TextA:EnvironmentHumanshavealwaysinhabitedtwoworlds.Oneisthenaturalworldofplants,animals,soils,air,andwaterthatprecededusbybillionsofyearsandofwhichweareapart.Theotheristheworldofsocialinstitutionsandartifactsthatwecreateforourselvesusingscience,technology,andpoliticalorganization.Both
2、worldsareessentialtoourlives,butintegratingthemsuccessfullycausesenduringtensions.WhereearlierpeoplelimitedabilitytoaltertheirsuiToundings,wenowhavepowertoextractandconsumeresources,producewastes,andmodifyourworldinwaysthatthreatenbothourcontinuedexistenceandthatofmanyorganismswithwhichwesh
3、aretheplanet.Toensureasustainablefutureforourselvesandfuturegenerations,weneedtounderstandsomethingabouthowourworldworks,whatwearedoingtoit,andwhatwecandotoprotectandimproveit.EnvironmentandEnvironmentScienceEnvironment(fromtheFrenchenvironner:toencircleorsurround)canbedefinedas(1)thecircum
4、stanceorconditionsthatsurroundanorganismorgroupoforganisms,or(2)thecomplexofsocialorculturalconditionsthataffectanindividualorcommunity.Sincehumansinhabitthenaturalaswellasthe“built”ortechnological,social,andculturalworld,allconstituteimportantpartsofourenvironment.Environmentalscience,then
5、,isthesystematicstudyofourenvironmentandourproperplaceinit.Arelativelynewfield,environmentalscienceishighlyinterdisciplinary,integratingnaturaloftheworldaroundus.Incontrasttomoretheoreticaldisciplines,environmentalscienceismission・oriented・Thatis,itseeksnew,valid,generalizableknowledgeabout
6、thenaturalworldandourimpactsonit,butobtainingthisinformationcreatesaresponsibilitytogetinvolvedintryingtodosomethingabouttheproblemswehavecreated.AsdistinguishedeconomistBarbaraWardpointsout,foranincreasingnumberofenvironmentalissues,thedifficultyisnottoidentifyremedies・Remediesarenowwellun
7、derstood.Theproblemistomakethemsocially,economically,andpoliticallyacceptable・Forestersknowhowtoplanttrees,butnottoestablishconditionsunderwhichvillagersindevelopingcountriescanmanageplantationsforthemselves.Engineersknowhowtocontrolpollution,butnothowto
