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1、1.0INTRODUCTIONVisitorstoFukushimaDaiichiquicklyrecognizethatsomethingisverydifferentwhentheyentertheguardedandcontrolledevacuationzone20kilometers(12miles)fromthesite.Theroadsareempty,withtheexceptionofcarsandtruckstravelingtoandfromthesite;andmostpeopleseenwithinthezone
2、arewearinganticontaminationclothingandpapermasksorrespirators.Inthebusescarryingvisitorstotheplant,thereislittleconversation—ustsilentreflectionastheruralcountrysidepassesbythewindow・Previouslypristinevillagesandricepaddiesareabandonedandovergrown.Earthquakeandtsunamidama
3、getohomes,commercialbuildings,andotherstructureshasnotbeenrepaired.Thebusmustslowoccasionallybecauseofearthquakedamagetotheroads,whichwerehastilyrepaired.Undamagedhomesareemptyandarebeginningtoshowsignsofneglect;andcommercialproperties,withtheirinventoriesstillintact,sitj
4、ustastheydidonMarch11,2011.IntheFukushimaPrefecture,about1,000residentslosttheirlivesduringtheearthquakeandtsunamis,includingtwooperatorsperformingtheirdutiesatFukushimaDaiichiUnit4whoweretrappedwhenfloodwaterspartiallyfilledplantbuildings.Itisestimatedthatmorethan140,000
5、residentsoftheprefectureweredisplacedfromtheirhomesbecauseofthenuclearaccidentthatfollowed.AtFukushimaDaiichi,conditionshaveimprovedsignificantlysincetheMarch11event.Muchofthedebrisfrombuildings,equipment,andvehiclesthatwasleftfollowingthetsunamiandexplosionshasbeenremove
6、d,andalargetemporarywallhasbeenconstructedtohelpprotectagainstfuturetsunamis.Incontrast,thewreckageofpumps,cranes,buildings,andlargeequipmentthatremainsisastarkreminderofthepowerofthetsunamisthatstruckthesite.ConditionsweredifferentearlyonMarch11,2011.ThreeofFukushimaDaii
7、chi'ssixboilingwaterreactorswereoperatingatfullpower;theotherswereshutdownformaintenanceandrefueling.About10kilometersaway,thefourFukushimaDainiunitswerealsooperatingatfullpower.Theplantswereingoodcondition,withwell-maintainedequipmentandwell-organizedworkspaces,evenunder
8、outageconditions.Nooneexpectedorwaspreparedforthemassiveearthquakesandthetsunamisthatwouldoccurb
