清华大学环境与资源经济学作业答案

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1、TsinghuaUniversityProf.JingCaoDepartmentofEconomicsSpring2014ProblemSet1ENVIRONMENTALANDRESOURCEECONOMICSProblemSet#1–AnswerKeyQuestions:1.SHORTANSWERQUESTIONS(40points;8questions;5pointseach)a)Definestaticefficiencyandshowwhatitisusingagraph.(Besuretolabelalloftheimportantfeatures

2、ofthegraph.)Answer:Anallocationofresourcesissaidtosatisfythestaticefficiencycriterionifthenetbenefitfromtheuseofthoseresourcesismaximizedbythatallocation.Thenetbenefitistheexcessofbenefitsovercostsresultingfromthatallocation.Netbenefitsaremaximizedwhenthemarginalbenefitisequaltothe

3、marginalcost(i.e.attheallocationdefinedbyq*andP*).PriceNetBenefitMarginalCostP*DemandCurveq*Quantityb)Defineopportunitycost.Answer:Forenvironmentalservices,theopportunitycostisthenetbenefitforegonebecausetheresourcesprovidingtheservicescannolongerbeusedintheirnextmostbeneficialuse.

4、1c)Whatisthepresentvalueof1,000yuanwhichistobepaidtoyoutwoyearsfromtodayifthediscountrateis10%.Whatwouldthepresentvaluebeifthediscountratewereincreasedto15%.(Pleaseshowyourcalculations.)Answer:1000PV(1000;r10;T2)826.45yuan2(110%)1000PV(1000;r15;T2)756.14yuan2(115%)d)Canth

5、erebepositiveexternalities?Ifso,giveanexample.Yes.Someexamplesinclude:Thepollinationofanappleorchardbyabeekeeper’sbees.Basicresearch,producedbyagovernmentlaboratory,butusedbyothers.Abeautifulgardenmaintainedbyoneperson,butalsoenjoyedbyothers.e)Ifanexternalityisreflectedinthepriceof

6、agood,doesitcauseamarketfailure?Whatisthenameforthistypeofexternality?No,becausetheexternaleffectisinternalizedinthemarketprice.Thisiscalledapecuniaryexternality.f)Whatisthedifferencebetweena“commonproperty”resourceandan“openaccess”resource?Commonpropertyresourcesarethosewhichareow

7、nedincommonratherthanprivately.Entitlementstousecommonpropertyresourcesmaybeformal,protectedbyspecificlegalrules,ortheymaybeinformal,protectedbytraditionorcustom.Openaccessresourcescanbeexploitedonafirst-come,first-servebasis,becausenoindividualorgrouphasthelegalpowertorestrictacce

8、ss.Inthepresenceofsufficie