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1、武汉大学2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题(满分值100分)科目名称:英语(B卷)科目代码:1011注意:所有的答题内容必须写在答题纸上,凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。PartIReadingComprehension(220=40%)Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therewillbe5passageforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfoll
2、owedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.youaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANWERSHEET.PassageOneAhundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomyg
3、oing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,eitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.Theopinions,whichwerecurrentahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignoranceandlackofresponsibility,a
4、reoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcounties,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistenceincaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist;inot
5、herwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason”.Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithi
6、nk,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature,actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewould
7、beveryfewwhowould科目名称:英语第1页共10页notwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoacceptthework
8、conditionsth