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1、说明文【2016•上海】Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagementzdevelopedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstin
2、ctively51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevideneetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfro
3、m54withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian（专帝勺）managers・Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof55people・Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisproces
4、s・Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57•Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoe
5、ncourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisempowerment（授权）hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:60thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe61withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployees
6、withdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation（委托）muchfurtherthanhas62beenthecase・Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendis
7、off-siteor64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem・51.A.desireB.seekC.
