软件技术-操作系统2

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1、TheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemand供给与需求的市场力量Chapter4TheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemandSupplyandDemandarethetwowordsthateconomistsusemostoften.供给和需求是经济学家最常用的两个术语。SupplyandDemandaretheforcesthatmakemarketeconomieswork.供给和需求即是推动市场经济运行的力量所在Modernmicroeconomicsisaboutsuppl

2、y,demandandequilibrium.现代微观经济学研究供给、需求和均衡。Markets市场Amarketisagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.市场是由某个商品或服务的买者和买者组成的群体Thetermssupplyanddemandrefertothebehaviorofpeople…astheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.术语供给和需求指人们的行为——当他们在市场中相互作用时。Thebuyersasagroup

3、determinethedemand.买方作为一个整体决定需求Thesellersasagroupdeterminethesupply.卖方作为一个整体决定供给MarketType市场类型Acompetitivemarketisamarketinwhich竞争性市场是指这样的市场：…withmanybuyersandmanysellers有许多的买者和卖者…thatisnotcontrolledbyanyoneperson市场不受任何一个人操纵…inwhichanarrowrangeofpricesareestablishe

4、dthatbuyersandsellersactupon.买者和卖者所遵循的价格被约束在窄小的范围内。Competition:Perfectandotherwise竞争：完全竞争与否Perfectcompetition:完全竞争Productsareallthesame产品完全相同Numerousbuyersandsellerssothateachhasnoinfluenceovertheprice有无数的卖者和买者以至与任何人不能影响价格Buyersandsellersarepricetakers买者和买者都是价格接受者N

5、oentrybarriers…没有进入壁垒Competition:Perfectandotherwise竞争：完全竞争与否Monopoly:完全垄断Oneseller,sellercontrolsprice一个卖者，买者控制价格Oligopoly:寡头垄断Fewsellers少数几个卖者Notalwaysaggressivecompetition竞争不一定总是很激烈。MonopolisticCompetition:垄断竞争Manysellers许多卖者Slightlydifferentiatedproducts产品有微小差别

6、Eachsellermaysetpriceforitsownproduct每一个卖者都能为自己的产品设定价格。Demand需求Quantitydemandedistheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase.需求量是买者愿意且能够购买的量TheLawofDemandstatesthat,ceterisparibus,thereisaninverserelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemanded(GiffenGoods).需求

7、法则是说，其他条件不变的情况下，价格和需求量负相关（吉芬商品）CeterisparibusisaLatinphrasethatmeansallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant.Literally,itmeansotherthingsbeingequal.CeterisParibus是一个拉丁习词，指除了被研究的变量外，其他变量都假定是不变的。DemandScheduleandCurve$3.002.502.001.501.000.50213

8、456789101211PriceofIce-CreamConeQuantityofIce-CreamCones0MarketDemand市场需求Markerdemandreferstothesumofallindividualdemandsforaparticulargoodorserv