在英国运河网的修建中

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1、SkillVReferenceReview:conversionTwothingsareoutstandinginthecreationoftheEnglishsystemofcanals.在英国运河网的修建中，有两件事是非常突出的。在修建英国运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的。（N—V）TwothingscharacterizealltheIndustrialRevolution.这两点是整个工业革命的特点。Whatisreference1Therearecertainitemsineverylanguagewhichhavethepropertyofrefere

2、nce,i.e.insteadofbeinginterpretedsemanticallyintheirownright,theymakereferencetosomethingelsefortheirinterpretation.InEnglishtheseitemsarepersonals,demonstratives,andcomparatives.Theseitemsaredirectivesindicatingthatinformationistoberetrievedfromelsewhere.SomeexamplesLilyisastudent.Shei

3、stwelve.(anaphoric)Leavingallhismoney,theoldmanleft.(cataphoric)Peterhadawifebutcouldn’tkeepher.I’llmakeyouapplepies.Howwouldyoulikethat?ThisisthehouseJackbuilt.(Exdophoric)Whatisreference2Reference[situational][textual]Exdophoric(外)Endophoric(内)[toprecedingtext][tofollowingtext]anaphor

4、ic前cataphoric后FunctionofusingreferencesComparisonIfoundaboysittingintheclassroom.Theboywastalkingtoateacher.Itseemedthattheboywasveryangry,becausetheboywasshakingtheboy’sfist.Ifoundaboysittingintheclassroom.Hewastalkingtoateacher.Itseemedthattheboywasveryangry,becausehewasshakinghisfist

5、.Ifoundaboysittingintheclassroom.Theyweretalkingtoateacher.Itseemedthathewasveryangry,becausehewasshakinghisfist.ThefunctionofusingreferencesMakethewritingsimple,easilyunderstoodandcohesive.Understandingreferences(1)1．TwothingsareoutstandinginthecreationoftheEnglishsystemofcanals,andthe

6、ycharacterizealltheIndustrialRevolution.Oneisthatthemenwhomadetherevolutionwerepracticalmen.LikeBrindley,theyoftenhadlittleeducation,andinfactschooleducationasitthenwascouldonlydullaninventivemind.Thegrammarschoolslegallycouldonlyteachtheclassicalsubjectsforwhichtheyhadbeenfounded.Theun

7、iversities(therewereonlytwo,atOxfordandCambridge)alsotooklittleinterestinmodernorscientificstudies;andtheywereclosedtothosewhodidnotconformtotheChurchofEngland.Discussion1TwothingsareoutstandinginthecreationoftheEnglishsystemofcanals,andtheycharacterizealltheIndustrialRevolutio