在美国是如何进行药品开发的

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1、Unit7bDrugdevelopmentintheUSA在美国是如何进行药品开发的Thedevelopmentofnewdrugsisessentialifwearetostopthediseases.However,ittakesanaverageoftwelveyearstodevelopadruganditcostsacompanyabout$359million.beto+不定式表示按照计划安排的将来动作e.g.Ifwearetobeatthestationbynineo’clockwemustgonow.如果我们要在点到火车站，现在

2、就必须走。take花费，耗费e.g.Ittakestimeandhardworktosucceed.成功要付出时间和努力。DrugdevelopmentintheUSAOnlyfiveoutofevery5,000drugsthatstartthetestingprocessaretestedonhumans.Onlyoneinfiveofthoseactuallyreachesthemarket.Therearefourstagesoftestinganewdrug.Firstofall,acompanycarriesouttestsfor

3、abouttwoandahalfyearsinthelaboratoryandonanimals.outof在这里的意思为“在……之中”。firstofall首先e.g.Heisagreatsoldierfirstofall.他首先是位伟大的军人。carryout实行，执行，实现e.g.Shehadfinallycarriedoutherpromisetoquitsmoking.她最终实现了戒烟的诺言。Hewillcarryouthisplan.他要执行他的计划。DrugdevelopmentintheUSAThisistoshowhowth

4、edrugworksagainstaparticulardiseaseandtoshowitslevelofsafety.Thetestingonhumanscanbegin.Thefirststageofhumantestingteststhesafetyofthedrugonfewerthanonehundredhealthypeopleandlastsaboutayear.Afterthat,thedrugistestedforabouttwoyearson100-300peoplewhosufferfromthediseasetosee

5、howwellthedrugworks.suffer遭受e.g.Hesufferedmanyhumiliationsbeforehebecameafootballstar.他在成为足球名将前受过许多屈辱。DrugdevelopmentintheUSAThefinalstagelastsaboutthreeyears:thedrugisusuallytestedon1,000–3,000patientsinhospitalsandclinics.Whiletheyarecarryingoutthesetests,doctorsmonitorth

6、epatientcloselyandkeeparecordofthesuccessofthedrugandanyside-effects.Whenacompanyhascompletedthethreestagesoftestsonhumans,thecompanymakesaNewDrugApplicationtotheauthorities,whichisoften1,000pagesormore.DrugdevelopmentintheUSATheauthoritiesshouldtakeamaximumofsixmonthstorev

7、iewaNewDrugApplicationbuttheyusuallytakelonger;theaveragereviewtimeis29.9months.maximum最大量，最大限度e.g.Ourgoalistoachievethemaximumofefficiency.我们的目标是取得最高的效率。review评论，审查e.g.Superiorcourtsmayreviewdecisionsoflowercourts.高等法院可以复审下级法院的判决。Hepromisedtoreviewthefilminoneoftheeveningpa

8、pers.他答应在一家晚报上评论这部电影DrugdevelopmentintheUSAWhentheauthoritieshaveapprovedt