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1、ChapterFifteen:TheTwentieth-CenturyBlackWriterI.SocialBackgroundBlackAmericanliteraturehastobeconsideredseparatelyforthereasonthatitisalltiedupwiththebitterexperienceoftheBlackpeople.Becauseoftheopprobrious(粗野的，无礼的)associationtheterm“negro”hadacquiredt

2、hroughitssouthernuse----moregenerallyinthecommonderogatoryvariant“nigger”----mostAfro-Americansafteremancipationmuchpreferredtheterm“colored”.Thiswasparticularlytrueofthemanyfreedmenandwomenwhosecolorrangedfromdarkbrowntolighttan(棕褐色的)or“highyellow”,in

3、dicatingtheirmixedancestry.In1909thefirstimportantnationalorganizationformedtogainrespectforAfro-AmericansasagroupandimprovetheirconditionsnameditselftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP).Howeverastimewentonmanyofthemoremilitant

4、youngermenandwomenfeltthatthisterminologywasanevasion,betrayingacertainshameofone’sAfricanancestry,andshouldbereplacedbythetermNegro.AfterWWIthewell-educatedleadersoftheHarlemRenaissancecustomarilywroteof“theNewNegro”.BackwardForwardThetermwasalsohonor

5、edinthenameofanorganizationwhichboastedmorethanamillionmembersin1920.ThiswasinstitutedbyaJamaican,MarcusGarvey,andcalleditselftheUnitedNegroImprovementAssociation(UNIA).TodaymostsociallyawareAfro-Americansprefertheterm“Blacks”whichshouldthereforebeused

6、inanydiscussionofcontemporarywritersofissued.Itwould,however,beanachronistic(时代错误的)toinsertitintomaterialwrittenbefore1960.UntilWWImorethanthreequartersoftheblackpopulationwereconcentratedinthesouthernstates.Exceptforacomparativelysmallnumberofhouseser

7、vantsandamuchsmallernumberofblackprofessionals----doctors,ministers,teachers,undertakers---southernNegroesworkedontheland,usuallyassharecropperswithliterallyoffunctionallyilliterateandmostlivedonthelevelofbaresubsistence.Underthecircumstancesanyblackwr

8、iterwhohopedtolivebyhispenhad,perforce(必然的),toaddressawhiteaudience.Thisexposedhimtopressurefromatleasttwodirections.Obviouslyhehadtowritewhatwouldproveacceptabletohispotentialwhiteaudience.SocialBackgroundBackwardForwardAndsincehewaswr