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1、BriefIntroductionofAmericanUniversities陶玲玲TheAmericanuniversitysystem,liketheprimaryandsecondaryeducationsystem,islargelydecentralized,inlargepartbecausetheTenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionreservesallpowersnotgrantedtothefederalgovernmentorexplicitlydeniedtotheU.S.statesnforth
2、eStatesrespectively,ortothepeople.HSuchadegreeofautonomyinhighereducationisrare.CollegesanduniversitiesintheU.S.varyintermsofgoals:somemayemphasizeavocational,business,engineering,ortechnicalcuiTiculumwhileothersmayemphasizealiberalartscurriculum.Manycombinesomeoralloftheabove.Two-yearc
3、ollegesusuallyoffertheassociateddegreesuchasanAssociateofArts(A.A.).Communitycollegesareoftenopenadmissions,withlowtuition.Four-yearcolleges(whichusuallyhavealargernumberofstudentsandofferagreaterrangeofstudiesthantwo-yearcolleges)offerthebachelor'sdegree,suchastheBachelorofArts(B.A.)or
4、BachelorofScience(B.S.).Theseareusuallyprimarilyundergraduateinstitutions,althoughsomemighthavelimitedprogramsatthegraduatelevel.Manystudentsearnanassociate'sdegreeatatwo-yearinstitutionbefore(ransfernngtoafour-yearinstitutionforanothertwoyearstoearnabachelor'sdegree.Four-yearinstitutio
5、nsintheU.S.whichemphasizetheliberalartsareliberalartscolleges.Thesecollegestraditionallyemphasizeinteractiveinstruction.Theyareknownforbeingresidentialandforhavingsmallerenrollment,classsize,andteacher-studentratiosthanuniversities.Thesecollegesalsoencourageahighlevelofteacher-studentin
6、teractionatthecenterofwhichareclassestaughtbyfull-timefacultyratherthangraduatestudentteachingassistants(TAs),whodoteachclassesatResearchIandotheruniversities.Mostareprivate,althoughtherearepublicliberalartscolleges.Inaddition,someofferexperimentalcurricula,suchasHampshireCollege,Beloit
7、College,BardCollegeatSimon'sRock,SarahLawrenceCollege,GrinnellCollege,BenningtonCollege,NewCollegeofFlorida,andReedCollege.Universitiesareresearch・orientedinstitutionswhichprovidebothundergraduateandgraduateeducation.Forhistoricalreasons,someuniversities一suchasBostonCollege,Dar
