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1、SocialWorkandCorrectionsThroughouthumanhistory,punishments,especiallycorporalandcapital,haveoftenbeenofferedinanswertoantisocialbehavior.Publichangings,floggings,mutilation,branding,banishment,thestocksandpillory,andmanyotherphysicalpenaltieshavebeenutilizedto“punisht
2、heculpritandbealessontoothers.”Itwasonlytowardtheendoftheeighteenthcentury,attheWalnutStreetPrisoninPhiladelphia,intheshadowsofIndependenceHall,thatthebeginningofanewmethod——theuseoftimesentenceinaninstitution——cameintogeneralusage.Enlightenedhumanitariansclaimedthati
3、twasinhumaneandunwisetotortureoffendersorputthemtodeath.Insteadthepenitentiarysystemwasdeveloped,devisedtogivetheoffenderachancetothink,havea“changeofheart,”and“mendhisways”throughmeditationinsolitaryconfinement.Subsequentlyvariouskindsofpenalinstitutionsevolvedtoallo
4、wforimprisonmentthroughtheeffortsofJohnAugustus,aBostonshoemaker,andotherbenevolentreformers.Asoffendersweresentencedtoinstitutionsandwereplacedonprobationandparole,variousprofessionalgroupsbecameinterestedinmakingtheseeffortsaseffectiveaspossible.Socialworkwasoneofth
5、ese.Duringthenineteenthcenturytherootsoftheemergingprofessionofsocialworkweregrowingrapidlyandamajorareaoffocusinvolvedtheoffender.Forexample,theProceedingsoftheNationalConferenceofCharitiesandCorrectionindicatethatattheconferenceconvenedin1885aportionoftheprogramwasd
6、evotedtoconsiderationofemploymentinreformatories,prisonreforms,jailsandpolice,andeventodiscussionofpreventionofrelatedsocialproblems.Duringrecentyearstherehasbeenarevivedinterestinthefieldofcorrectionsbysocialworkers.ThisisepitomizedintheCurriculumStudyoftheCouncilonS
7、ocialWorkEducation.Correctionsisoneoffoursocialprocessesutilizedintheadministrationofcriminaljustice.Theyinclude“(1)lawenforcement,whichisconcernedwiththecollectionofevidenceaboutreportedoffensesandwiththedetectionandarrestofsuspectedoffenders;(2)prosecutionanddefense
8、,orthepreparationandpresentationofcriminalcasesbeforethecourt;(3)judicialprocess,whichisconcernedwiththelegaldeterminationof
