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1、CHAPTER37TheFoundationsofModernPhysicsRecommendedclassdays:2BackgroundInformationQuantumphysicsisanessentialpartofourunderstandingofphysicsinthetwenty-firstcentury.Inaddition,applicationssuchasquantumchemistry,nanostructures,scanningtunnelingmicroscopes,quantum-welldevices,andl
2、asersmakequantumphysicsincreasinglyimportantforstudentsinengineeringandothersciences.AsignificantfractionofscientistsandengineersnowneedaknowledgeofquantumphysicsthatgoesbeyondtheBohratom.ThegoalofPartVIIistointroduceelementaryquantummechanics.Thematerialgoeswellbeyondtheusualp
3、otpourriofmodernphysicstopicsinconventionaltextstoinclude“real”one-dimensionalquantummechanicsandsomeofitspracticalapplications.Thisunitplacesquantumphysicsonanequalfootingwiththermodynamicsandelectromagnetismasoneofthemajorareasofphysics.ItisimportanttonotethatPartVIIisnotinte
4、ndedtoreplacetheusualsophomore-level“modernphysics”course.ThegoalsofPartVIIaremuchmorelimited,thetopiccoverageisnarrower,andthemathematicsislesssophisticated.Theintentistointroducebasicphenomena,concepts,andterminologytothosestudentsforwhomthisisthelastcourseinphysics.Thosestud
5、entswhodogoontomodernphysicswillbebetterpreparedfortheincreasedmathematicalsophisticationbythisinitialexposure,onamorephysicallevel,tothemajorideas.Allstudentsarefamiliarwithandusetheterms“atom”and“electron,”butmosthaveonlyvaguenotionsastowhatthesetermsmean.Studentsbringwiththe
6、mfromchemistryacollectionofhalf-remembered“facts”butnoclearmentalimageofeitheraclassicalorasemi-classicalatom.Forexample,asignificantfractionofstudentshavelittleornoideawhationsorisotopesare,andmanythinkthatprotonscanbeaddedtoorremovedfromatomsaseasilyaselectrons.Virtuallynoneo
7、fthestudentscanciteanyevidencebywhichweknowaboutatomsortheirstructure,sotheirknowledgeisprimarily“booklearning”nottiedtoanyparticularphysicalphenomena.37-1Theprimarydifficultywithquantumandatomicphysics,ofcourse,isthatthebasicentitiesarenotdirectlyperceptibletooursenses.Ourknow
8、ledgeofatoms,atleastuntilextremelyrecently,wasinferred
