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1、Definition材料的定义:Thematerialsmakingupthesurroundingworldconsistofdiscreteparticles,havingasubmicroscopicsize.Atomicstructureandthenatureofbonds（原子结构和化学键—metalsandtheiralloys（metallicbonding金属键）—organicpolymers有机聚合物（covalentbondingandsecondarybonding共价键和二次键
2、）—ceramics（ionicbondingandcovalentbonding）Mechanicalproperties：力学性能Whichreflectthebehaviorofmaterials,deformedbyasetofforces（概念）Fourbasictypesofstresses:tensile,compressive,shear,torsion（拉力，压力，剪切力，扭转力）Physicalproperties:物理性能thebehaviorofmaterialssubjected
3、totheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfields,orlight.电性能Electricproperties磁性能Magneticproperties热性能Thermalproperties光性能OpticalpropertiesChemicalproperties:化学性能Whichcharacterizethebehaviorofmaterialinareactiveenvironment.（概念）Thefourbasicaspectsofmateri
4、alsscieneeandtechnologyare:manufacturingprocessing,structure,propertiesandperformances结构一性能一工艺之间的关系：First,theprocessingofamaterialaffectsthestructure,secondtheoriginalstructureandpropertiesdeterminehowwecanprocessthematerialtoproduceadesiredshape一、METAL:（
5、金属）1金属最显著的特性：goodconductorsofheatandelectricity（热导性，电导性）2>，性自总:areopaquetovisiblelight;arehard,rigid;canundergoplasticdeformation;haveahighmeltingtemperature3、金属的晶体点阵：crystalstructure（晶体结构）：body-centeredcubicstructure,face-centeredcubicstructure,hexagonal
6、close-packedstructure（箱型、面型，六角形放射状）4>propertiesofalloys（合金的性能）:（morecarbon,morebrittle.）haverelativelyhighthermalandelectricalconductivities;goodenergyabsorptioncharacteristics;nonmagneticproperties5、铸铁概念:castiron,essentiallyanalloyofiron,carbonandsilicon
7、,iscomposedofironandfrom2to6.67percentcarbon,plusmanganese,sulfur,andphosphorus,andshapedbybeingcastinamold.6>Thetypesandpropertiesofcastiron；whitecastiron（hard,brittle）,graycastiron（brittle,withstandlargecompressiveloadsbutsmalltensileloads）,alloycastiro
8、n,nodularorductilecastiron（goodcastability,toughness,goodwearresistanee」owmeltingpoint,andhardenability）,malleablecastiron（strength‘toughness,ductility,andmachinability）7^carbonsteels（碳钢）:lowcarbonsteels（含碳0.05〜0.32
