资源描述:
《预防出生缺陷的基本知识》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、预防出生缺陷的基本知识Preventionofbirthdefects医学遗传学国家重点实验室龙志高ZhigaoLong,StateKeyLaboratoryofMedicalGeneticsWhatisabirthdefect?什么是出生缺陷?Birthdefectmeansthatthebabyhasoccurredmorphology,functionalmetabolic,mental,behavioralandotheraspectsofabnormalwhenhe/shewasinthewombbeforethebir
2、th.出生缺陷是指孩子出生前,在母亲腹中里就已经发生的形态结构、功能代谢、精神、行为等方面的异常。Abnormalmorphologyoftenshowscongenitalmalformations,suchaschildrenwithoutbrain,spinabifida,cleftlip,abnormallimbs,est..形态结构异常常表现为先天畸形,例如无脑儿、脊柱裂、兔唇、四肢异常等。Defectsofphysiologicalfunctionsandmetabolismoftenleadtocongenitalm
3、entalretardation,deafness,dumb.生理功能和代谢方面的出生缺陷常常导致先天性智力低下、聋、哑等。在出生缺陷中以先天性心脏病、唐氏综合征、神经管畸形等最为常见。Amongthebirthdefects,congenitalheartdisease,Down’ssyndromeandneuraltubedefectsarethemostcommondiseases.WhatisDown‘ssyndrome?什么是唐氏综合征(先天愚型)?Down'ssyndromeisanautosomaldiseasewh
4、ichisthemostcommoncauseofneonatalcongenitaldementia.唐氏综合征是新生儿中最常见的导致先天性痴呆的常染色体疾病。MainclinicalmanifestationsofDown‘ssyndrome唐氏综合征的主要临床表现Severementalretardation严重的智力低下Uniqueface,suchaseyeswideapart,lownose独特的面容,如眼距宽、鼻梁低Infertilemalepatients,femalepatientswithoccasionalf
5、ertility男性患者无生育能力,女性患者偶有生育能力50%ofchildrenwithcongenitalheartdisease.50%患儿伴有先天性心脏病Whatisopenneuraltubedefects?什么是开放性神经管缺损?Openneuraltubedefectswereinthelargeproportionofbirthdefects,mainlyinchildrenwithoutbrain,dominantspinabifidaandothermalformations.Itisduetotheneura
6、ltubecannotbeclosedduringdevelopment,whichoftenresultsinstillbirth,stillbirth,paralysis,etc.开放性神经管缺损在出生缺陷中占很大比例,主要有无脑儿、显性脊柱裂等缺陷。此病是神经管在发育过程中不能闭合所致,常造成死胎、死产、瘫痪等。Factorsaffectingneuraltubeclosureincludesvirusinfectioninpregnancy,lackoffolicacidintakeormetabolicabnormali
7、tiesoffolicacid,malnutrition,andgeneticfactors,est.影响神经管闭合的因素有孕期病毒感染、叶酸摄入不足或代谢异常、营养不良及遗传因素等Causesofbirthdefects出生缺陷的原因遗传因素(Geneticfactors)25%(基因20%,染色体3%-5%)不明原因65%(遗传与环境因素)环境因素(Environmentalfactors)10%(放射<1%,感染2%-3%,代谢1-2%,化学2%-3%)遗传因素(Geneticfactors)染色体病最多见,包括染色体数目及
8、结构异常。可由父母一方染色体异常遗传引起,亦可由亲代的生殖细胞染色体畸变引起。Chromosomaldiseaseismostcommon,includingabnormalitiesofchromosomenumberandstructure.I