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1、1.3TheCharacteristicsofFluidsconstituent:组成的;tangential:切向的;restrain:限制、约束;equilibrium:平衡,均衡;interface:相互关系、分界面;molecule:微小颗粒、分子;continuum:连续体;vessel:容器;tar:焦油、柏油;pitch:树脂:imperceptibly:察觉不到的,细微的;restore:恢复;subside:下沉、沉淀、减退、衰减;hypothetically:假设地、假想地;sphere:球、球体;m
2、icrovolume:微元体积;rarest:最稀罕的,虽珍贵的1.3TheCharacteristicsofFluids流体的特征Afluidisasubstaneewhichmayflow;thatis,itsconstituentparticlesmaycontinuouslychangetheirpositionsrelativetooneanother.Moreover,itoffersnolastingresistancetothedisplacement,howevergreat,ofonelayerove
3、ranother.Thismeansthat,ifthefluidisatrest,noshearforce(thatisaforcetangentialtothesurfaceonwhichitacts)canexistinit.Asolid,ontheotherhand,canresistashearforcewhileatrest;theshearforcemaycausesomedisplacementofonelayeroveranother,butthematerialdoesnotcontinuetomov
4、eindefinitely.Inafluid,however,shearforcesarepossibleonlywhilerelativemovementbetweenlayersisactuallytakingplace.Afluidisfurtherdistinguishedfromasolidinthatagivenamountofitowesitsshapeatanyparticulartimetothatofavesselcontainingit,ortoforceswhichinsomewayrestrai
5、nitsmovement.流体是可以流动的物质,也就是说,组成流体的质点可以连续的改变它们的相对位路。而且,不管层与层之间的相对位移有多大都不会产生持久的抵抗力。这意味着流体在静止状态下是不会存在剪切力的(剪切力是与其作用表面相切的力)。另一方面,固体在静止时却可以抵抗剪切力,其屮的剪切力也可以使层与层Z间发生相对位移,但是固体材料却不一定会有连续的运动。然而在流体中,只有当层与层之间有相对运动产生时才会有剪切力存在。流体和固体的进一步区别还在于在特定的吋刻,确定数量的流体其形状取决于承载它的容器,或者収决于一些限制其运
6、动的力。Thedistinctionbetweensolidsandfluidsisusuallyclear,buttherearesomesubstancesnoteasilyclassified・Somefluids,forexample,donotfloweasily:thicktarorpitchmayattimesappeartobehavelikeasolid.Ablockofsuchasubstancemaybeplacedontheground,but,althoughitsflowwouldtakepl
7、aceveryslowly,yetoveraperiodoftime—perhapsseveraldays—itwouldspreadoverthegroundbytheactionofgravity,thatis,itsconstituentparticleswouldchangetheirrelativepositions.Ontheotherhand,certainsolidsmaybemadeto—flowIIwhenasufficientlylargeforceisapplied;theseareknownas
8、plasticsolids.固体和流体z间的区别通常是很明显的,但是也有些物质难于归类。比如说有些流体并不易流动,如重油和树脂有时候会表现得像固体一样,像这样的一块物质如果放在地面上,虽然它的流动发生的非常缓慢,要经过很长的一段时间一也许要好几天,但是在重力的作用下它仍然会在地面上蔓延开来,也就是说,它的组成质点会改