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1、FormalismClass3Grade3李贵品高琦Contents1.TheDefinationofFormalism.2.TheDevelopmentHistoryofFormalism3.TheMainFormalismTheory.1.TheDefinationofFormalism.Formalismisaschoolofliterarycriticisimandliterarytheoryhavingmainlytodowithstructuralpurposesofaparticulartext.Inlitera
2、rytheory,formalismreferstocriticalapproachesthatanalyze,interpret,orevaluatetheinherentfeaturesofatext.Thesefeaturesincludenotonlygrammarandsyntaxbutalsoliterarydevicessuchasmeterandtropes.Theformalistapproachreducestheimportanceofatext’shistorical,biographical,andc
3、ulturalcontext.2.TheDevelopmentHistoryofFormalismFormalismrosetoprominenceintheearlytwentiethcenturyasareactionagainstRomanticisttheoriesofliterature,whichcenteredontheartistandindividualcreativegenius,andinsteadplacedthetextitselfbackintothespotlight,toshowhowthete
4、xtwasindebtedtoformsandotherworksthathadprecededit.Twoschoolsofformalistliterarycriticismdeveloped,Russianformalism,andsoonafterAnglo-AmericanNewCriticism.FormalismwasthedominantmodeofacademicliterarystudyintheUSatleastfromtheendoftheSecondWorldWarthroughthe1970s,es
5、peciallyasembodiedinRenéWellekandAustinWarren’sTheoryofLiterature(1948.1955.1962).Beginninginthelate1970s,formalismwassubstantiallydisplacedbyvariousapproaches(oftenwithpoliticalaimsorassumptions)thatweresuspiciousoftheideathataliteraryworkcouldbeseparatedfromitsori
6、ginsoruses.Thetermhasoftenhadapejorativecastandhasbeenusedbyopponentstoindicateeitheraridityorideologicaldeviance.Somerecenttrendsinacademicliterarycriticismsuggestthatformalismmaybemakingacomeback.3.TheMainFormalismTheory.RussianFormalismreferstotheworkoftheSociety
7、fortheStudyofPoeticLanguage(OPOYAZ)foundedin1916inSt.Petersburg(thenPetrograd)byBorisEichenbaum,ViktorShklovskyandYuryTynyanov,andsecondarilytotheMoscowLinguisticCirclefoundedin1914byRomanJakobson.AccordingtoEichenbaum,Shklovskywastheleadcriticofthegroup,andShklovsk
8、ycontributedtwooftheirmostwell-knownconcepts:defamiliarization(ostraneniye,moreliterally,'estrangement')andtheplot/storydistinction(syuzhe
