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1、装订线考生信息栏学院专业班级姓名学号集美大学答题纸—学年第学期课程名称试卷卷别适用学院、专业、年级考试方式闭卷□开卷□总分题号一二三四五六得分阅卷人得分一、理论及综合素质测试题(1题，计50分)PleasetranslatethefollowingmessageintoChinese.Formanylessdevelopedeconomies,moreactiveparticipationinworldmarketsnotonlyprovidesmoreopportunities,especiallyt

2、osupplylabor-intensivefragmentsinaninternationallydiversifiedproductionchain,butalsotoexposetheseeconomiestogreaterlevelsofcompetition.AnearlyexampleofhowsuchcompetitioncanalterpreviouspatternsofinternationaloutsourcingisprovidedbyMorawetz(1981).Severald

3、ecadesagothetaskofassemblingfabricscutintheUnitedStateswasoutsourcedtoSouthAmerica(Colombia),withcountriesintheFarEastdisadvantagedbygreaterdistancefromthefinalmarket.However,Colombialostoutwhenreductionsincostsofcommunicationandtransportationmadecloserp

4、roximitytomarketslessimportant.Ofcourse,highlydevelopedcountriesaswellareconcernedwiththegreatervaluesforsupplyelasticitiesthatareinducedbyinternationalfragmentation;itisauniversalfearofnationaleconomies(andprivatefirms)thatincreasingmobilityandflexibili

5、tyininternationalproductionnetworksheightenthedangerofunemploymentandnecessaryresourcereallocation.Thekindsoftechnologicalimprovementsincommunicationandtransportationthathaveencouragedgreaterdegreesofinternationalfragmentationnotonlyconspiretointroduceag

6、reaterlevelofcompetitionamonglessdevelopedcountriesinpotentiallysupplyinglabor-intensivefragments,theyhavealsotendedtoincreasetheintracountrycompetitionbetweengenerations.Itispossibletoarguethatthesetechnologicalimprovementshavealteredtherelativevaluesof

7、physicalandhumancapital,infavorofthelatter,andthattheoldergen-erationinmanycountriesisrelativelyrichlyendowedinphysicalcapitalandtheyoungergenerationinhumancapital.Suchaninter-generationalasymmetryisencouragedaswellbythegreaterinternationalmobilityofstud

8、entsinlessdevelopedareastouniversitiesinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.ThehypothesisthatwasmadeinJonesandMarjit(2001)suggestedthatmanyoftheregulationsandcustomsinlessdevelopedcountriesareinplacelargelytopreventthreatstothemateri