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1、形成性练习I.RFDirections:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverapassagequicklyandreadtenstatementsafterit.Forstatementsl-10,writeT(forTrue)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);F(forFalse)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);E(forNotgiven)ifthes
2、tatementisnotgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);(1)MemoriesofAfghanistanAfghanistanacountryonthebrinkofahumanitariandisaster,alandfilledwithfleeingrefugees,starvingpeople,andturbanedterroristsintrainingcamps・TVpicturestellthestoryofacountryinruinandpoverty,acountrybroughtalmosttototaldestructionbytwentyye
3、arsofwarandstruggle.Yetoncethoughpoorthiswasaproudnation,andabeautifulcountry,andonewitharichculturalheritageApartfromthenationsofEurope,therearefewcountriesintheworldthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule——oratleastneverinrecenttimes;Afghanistanwasoneofthem.Manycenturiesago,GenghisKhan'stroopsrodedown
4、fromMongolia,mercilesslykillingthemountaintribesmenofAfghanistanwhodaredtoresisttheinvader;butapartfromthishumiliatingperiodintime,theAfghanistans——whoareinfactamixtureofthreeseparateethnicgroups——haveheldtheirheadshighinthefaceofinvasion.Thecountrythatisnowatthecenteroftheworld'sattentionwasonceon
5、eoftheworld'sproudestnations,andanationthatothercountriesinvadedattheirownrisk・Inthe19thcenturythearmiesoftheBritishEmpireknewthatAfghanistanwasnotacountrytointerferewith・Ahundredandtwentyyearsago,in1881,BritishsoldierswerenonethelessstationedintheAfghancapital,Kabul.Theyweretherefortworeasons,firs
6、tlytohelpstoptheRussiansfrominvadingthecountry,andsecondlytoensuretheexistenceofanindependentbuffer-statebetweentheRussianEmpiretothenorth,andtheBritishEmpireinIndia(modernPakistan)tothesoutheast.QueenVictoriawouldhavelikedtoaddAfghanistantoherempire,buthersoldiersneversucceededinthismission,though
7、theytried,andfailed.In1879,thewholeBritishMission(embassy)inKabul,includingservants,wasmassacredbyagroupofrebelAfghansoldiers,furiousbecausetheyhadnotbeenpaidbytheirownking,MohammedYacoub.Yacoubwasfriendlyt
