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1、15.4ApplicationofIsotopeDilutioninGeochemistryAStrackeandEEScherer,Westfa¨lischeWilhelms-Universita¨t,Mu¨nster,GermanyBCReynolds,InstituteofGeochemistryandPetrology,ETH,Zu¨rich,Switzerlandã2014ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.15.4.1Introduction7115.4.2Appl
2、icationsofIsotopeDilution7115.4.2.1DeterminationofAccurateandPreciseElementConcentrations7115.4.2.2‘DoubleSpiking’forICMeasurements7215.4.3PrinciplesofIsotopeDilution7215.4.3.1DerivationofthePrincipalIDEquation7215.4.3.2CriteriaforSpikingSamples7415.4.3
3、.3TheOptimumSpike-SampleRatio7415.4.3.4SourcesofUncertaintyinIDMeasurements7515.4.4ApplyingIsotopeDilution7615.4.4.1PreparationandCalibrationofSpikes7615.4.4.2MixedSpikesVersusSingleSpikes7715.4.4.3SimultaneousICandID:‘SpikeStripping’7815.4.5DoubleandTr
4、ipleSpiking8015.4.6Conclusions84Acknowledgment85References8515.4.1Introductionanddaughterelementconcentrations.Moreover,formanygeo-logicalapplications,itisbecomingincreasinglyimportanttoAmultitudeofmethodsforconcentrationmeasurementsinresolvepercent-lev
5、eldifferencesinconcentration(e.g.,Bakergeological,environmental,andextra-terrestrialsamplesareavail-etal.,2002;Evensenetal.,1978;HofmannandWhite,1983;able(seeChapters15.9–15.23).ThemostcommonlyappliedJochumetal.,1983,1988,2011;Mu¨nkeretal.,2000;methodsa
6、rex-rayfluorescence(XRF),electronprobemicroNakamura,1974;Pfa¨nderetal.,2007;Strackeetal.,2012;analysis(EPMA),instrumentalneutronactivationanalysisWeyeretal.,2002;WillboldandJochum,2005;Willboldand(INAA),secondaryionmassspectroscopy(SIMS),andinduc-Strack
7、e,2006;seeChapters2.2,3.1,and4.1).Fortheserea-tivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry(ICPMS).Themethodsons,wereviewherethebasicprinciplesofID,itsstrengthsandemployedgenerallydependsontheelementsofinterest,theweaknesses,anditsapplicabilitytogeologicalproblem
8、s.availableamountofsample,aswellastheavailableinstrumen-tationanditstechnicalspecifications,suchassensitivity,massresolution,andstability.Wheneverelementconcentrationswith15.4.2ApplicationsofIsotopeDilutionultimateaccuracyandprec
