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1、两种陪审团制度TwoTypesofJuriesCursed,reviled,blessed,orpraised,thejuryhadstoodfirmforsevenhundredyears・SofirmlydidourforefatherupholdthejurythatwefindtherighttojurytrialanchoredinourfederalandstateconstitutionsTherearetwotypesofjuries・Thefirst,thepetitjuryisusedinbothcivilandcriminalcases・Incivilcasesitst
2、askisgenerallytodetermineliabilitytopaymoneydamages;incriminalcasesitstaskistodeterminepunishableguilt,anditusuallydoessowithaminimumofcriticism・Thereitspositionasabulwarkofliberty,aprotectoragainstexecutiveoppression・andamodeoflesseningtherigorsoftoostrictlegislationissecure・InEngland,wheretheuseo
3、ftheciviljuryhasbeengreatlyreducedbylegislation.thecriminaljuryremainsinitstraditionalform・Itisanoteworthyfact‘however,thatthejuryisnotnowandhasneverbeenrequiredtobeuseinequitycases・Theciviljury,however,issubjecttomuchcriticism・・tappears,sometimes,tobeameanswherebyindividualscanobtainunjustagainstc
4、orporatedefendants,forthejurymaytendtoallyitselfwithunderdog・Thejuryis,inmanyinstances,incompetenttohandleinvoIvedtestimony・particularlyontechnicalmatters・・nthiscountrynevertheless^accusationsofbiasincompetence5capriciousness^unpredictability,delay,andexpenseusuallyhavegoneunheeded・Thetrialjury,tos
5、peakforthemomentinitsdefense,ispresentwithadifficulttask,ltmustreconstructhistory・ltmustdeterminethefactsofapasttransaction・Ifitsverdictsseemexcessive,onemustkeepinmindtheimpossibilityofdeterminingthemoneyvalueofsuchintangiblesaspainandsufferingorlossofreputation・Anycriticismofthejurymustalsotakein
6、toaccountpossiblealternativemethodsoffindingfacts・AndinsuchdeliberationsitmustnotbeforgottenthatjuryverdictsdonotcreateprecedentsThesecondtypeofjuryisthegrandjuryJtdiffersformthetrialorpetitjuryinthatitdoesnotdecidequestionsofguiltorinnocenee・Itsfunctionisaccusatory・Whenapossibleoffenderisbroughtbe
7、foreamagistrate，andthemagistratebelievesthereissuspicionofguilt.thematterispresentedtobegrandjuryforinvestigationIfthegrandjuryfindsenoughevidencetowarrantatrial,itwillissueatruebillofindictmentandthecasewi
