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1、ReinforcedConcreteConcreteandreinforcedconcreteareusedasbuildingmaterialsineverycountry.Inmany,includingtheUnitedStatesandCanada,reinforcedconcreteisadominantstructuralmaterialinengineeredconstruction.Theuniversalnatureofreinforcedconcreteconstructionstemsfromth
2、ewideavailabilityofreinforcingbarsandtheconstituentsofconcrete,gravel,sand,andcement,therelativelysimpleskillsrequiredinconcreteconstruction,andtheeconomyofreinforcedconcretecomparedtootherformsofconstruction.Concreteandreinforcedconcreteareusedinbridges,buildin
3、gsofallsortsundergroundstructures,watertanks,televisiontowers,offshoreoilexplorationandproductionstructures,dams,andeveninships.Reinforcedconcretestructuresmaybecast-in-placeconcrete,constructedintheirfinallocation,ortheymaybeprecastconcreteproducedinafactoryand
4、erectedattheconstructionsite.Concretestructuresmaybesevereandfunctionalindesign,ortheshapeandlayoutandbewhimsicalandartistic.Fewotherbuildingmaterialsoffthearchitectandengineersuchversatilityandscope.Concreteisstrongincompressionbutweakintension.Asaresult,cracks
5、developwheneverloads,orrestrainedshrinkageoftemperaturechanges,giverisetotensilestressesinexcessofthetensilestrengthoftheconcrete.Inaplainconcretebeam,themomentsabouttheneutralaxisduetoappliedloadsareresistedbyaninternaltension-compressioncoupleinvolvingtensioni
6、ntheconcrete.Suchabeamfailsverysuddenlyandcompletelywhenthefirstcrackforms.Inareinforcedconcretebeam,steelbarsareembeddedintheconcreteinsuchawaythatthetensionforcesneededformomentequilibriumaftertheconcretecrackscanbedevelopedinthebars.Theconstructionofareinforc
7、edconcretememberinvolvesbuildingafromofmoldintheshapeofthememberbeingbuilt.Theformmustbestrongenoughtosupportboththeweightandhydrostaticpressureofthewetconcrete,andanyforcesappliedtoitbyworkers,concretebuggies,wind,andsoon.Thereinforcementisplacedinthisformandhe
8、ldinplaceduringtheconcretingoperation.Aftertheconcretehashardened,theformsareremoved.Astheformsareremoved,propsofshoresareinstalledtosupporttheweightoftheconcreteunti
