专业八级人文知识7

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1、英语语言学Introduction语言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。语言学LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.普通语言学GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.应用语言学AppliedLinguisticsThest

2、udyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.识别特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningprope

3、rtiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性;Productivity/Creativity多产性/创造性;Duality双重性;Displacement移位性;Culturaltransmission文化传递DesignFeatures(1)arbitrariness任意性Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.P.S.thear

4、bitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressionsshu和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式DesignFeatures(2)Duality双层结构Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.语言由声音结构和意义结构组成DesignFeatures(3)Productivity多产性Animalsare

5、quitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果DesignFeatures⑷Displacement移位性Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等DesignFeatures⑸Culturaltransmission文化传播性Humancapacityforlanguagehasagene

6、ticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics规定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor”correc

7、t”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态，如标准语法/语音等，为规定人们如何说话、写作描述性DescriptiveAlinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.着重于语言中“事实Facts”，目的