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1、一、时态讲解：现在完成时（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have+过去分词构成，助动词have有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式Ihavenot(haven’t)studied….HaveIstudied…?Youhavenot(haven’t)studied….Haveyoustudied…?Hehasnot(hasn’t)studied….Hashestudied…?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）HaveInot(H
2、aven’tI)studied…?Yes,youhave.No,youhaven’t.Haveyounot(Haven’tyou)studied…?Yes,Ihave.No,Ihaven’t.Hashenot(Hasn’the)studied…?Yes,hehas.No,hehasn’t.（2）用法：1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。Mydaughterhasjustgoneout.我女儿刚出去。I’msurewe’vemetbefore.我肯定我们以前见过面。Shehasarrived.她到了。2）表示持续到
3、现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently,already,just,lately,for…,since…,yet等。如：Ihaven’theardfromherthesedays.这些日子我没有收到她的信。Wehaven’tseenyourecently.最近我们没有见到你。Theyhavebeenawayfortwoyears.他们离开已经两年了。ShehasbeenwithussinceMonday.
★注意：a)since和for的区别since后接时间点，如1993，lastterm,yesterday,thetimeIgotther
4、efor后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如tenyears,awhile,twodays等。Exercise:用since和for填空1.JimhasbeeninIreland______Monday.2.JillhasbeeninIreland______threedays.3.HisaunthaslivedinAustralia______15days.4.Maryisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere______7o'clock.5.Indiahasbeenanindependentcountry______1974.6.Thebusislate.They
5、'vebeenwaiting______20minutes.7.Nobodylivesinthosehouses.Theyhavebeenempty______manyyears.8.Mikehasbeenill______alongtime.Hehasbeeninhospital______October.2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive,leave,borrow,buy,begin,start,die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：Hehascomeherefor2weeks.×Theoldmanhasdiedfor
6、4months.×Theyhaveleftonlyfor5minutes.×以上三句话可以改为：Hehas____________for2weeks.Theoldmanhas_____________for4months.Theyhave__________onlyfor5minutes现归纳总结:由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换1.直接用延续性动词buy–havecatch(get)acold–haveacoldborrow—keepputon--wearreceive—havegotosleep–sleepgettoknow–know2.转换成be+名词jointhearmy–
7、beasoldier；gotoschool–beastudentbecomeateacher—beateacherjoin---beamemberof3转换成be+形容词或副词die—bedead；finish–beover；begin—beon；leave—beawayfallsleep–beasleepreturn—bebackgetmarried/marry–bemarriedfinish→beover open →beopen close—beclos
