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1、PHILOSOPHY100 (TedStolze)NotesonJamesRachels,ProblemsfromPhilosophyChapterSix:BodyandMindTwoPositionson theMind/BodyProblemDualismMaterialismRenéDescartesDescarteswasanimportant17thcenturythinkerwhoseideashavehadagreatinfluencedowntothepresentday.Hebeencalledthe“fathe
2、rofmodernphilosophy(andofmathematics).”PerhapshismostfamousphilosophicalworkiscalledtheMeditationsonFirstPhilosophy(1641).(1596-1650)CartesianDualismBodyandmindaredifferentsubstances,andmentalstateshavethefollowingtwodistinctivecharacteristics:PrivilegedaccessInfallib
3、ilityDescartesonMindsandMachines“Itisindeedconceivablethatamachinecouldbemadesothatitcouldutterwords,andevenwordsappropriatetothepresenceofphysicalactsorobjectswhichcausesomechangeinitsorgans;as,forexample,ifitwastouchedinsomespotthatitwouldaskwhatyouwantedtosaytoit;i
4、finanother,thatitwouldcrythatitwashurt,andsoonforsimilarthings.Butitcouldnevermodifyitsphrasestoreplytothesenseofwhateverwassaidinitspresenceaseventhemoststupidmendo.”(FromDiscourseonMethod,translatedbyLaurenceJ.Lafleur[Indianapolis,IN:Bobbs-Merrill,1960(1637)],pp.41-
5、42.)PrincessElizabethofBohemia’sObjectiontoDescartesHowcouldanonphysicalmindinteractwithaphysicalbody,andviceversa?(1618-1680)Descartes’sResponsestoElizabethIt’stoodifficulttoexplain,sodon’tworryaboutit!Thepinealglandiswherethemindinteractswiththebody:“Thesoulhasitspr
6、incipalseatinthelittleglandinthemiddleofthebrain,whenceitradiatesintoalltherestofthebodybythemediationofthespirits,nerves,andevenblood,which,participatingintheimpressionsofthespirits,cancarrythemthroughthearteriesintoallthemembers”(fromThePassionsoftheSoul,34,translat
7、edbyStephenH.Voss[Indianapolis,IN:Hackett,1989],p.37).NOTE:ForDescartesthemindisconnectedtotheentirebody.AnotherObjectionto CartesianDualismTheproblemoftheradicalemergenceofmindfrommatterduringtheevolutionoflifeonearth(pp.70-1)ThreeKindsofMaterialismBehaviorismMind-Br
8、ainIdentityFunctionalismBehaviorismHumanthoughtsandfeelingscanbeexplainedpurelyintermsofobservablebehavior:“Whensomeoneshout
