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1、814IEEETRANSACTIONSONMICROWAVETHEORYANDTECHNIQUES,VOL.50,NO.3,MARCH2002PowerAmplifiersandTransmittersforRFandMicrowaveFrederickH.Raab,SeniorMember,IEEE,PeterAsbeck,Fellow,IEEE,SteveCripps,SeniorMember,IEEE,PeterB.Kenington,SeniorMember,IEEE,ZoyaB.Popovic´,Fellow,IEEE,NickPothecary,Member,IEEE,John
2、F.Sevic,Member,IEEE,andNathanO.Sokal,LifeFellow,IEEEInvitedPaperAbstract—ThegenerationofRF/microwavepowerisrequiredIntheearlydaysofwirelesscommunication(1895–mid-notonlyinwirelesscommunications,butalsoinapplicationssuch1920s),RFpowerwasgeneratedbyspark,arc,andalternatorasjamming,imaging,RFheating,
3、andminiaturedc/dcconverters.techniques.WiththeadventoftheDeForestaudionin1907,theEachapplicationhasitsownuniquerequirementsforfrequency,thermoionicvacuumtubeofferedameansofgeneratingandbandwidth,load,power,efficiency,linearity,andcost.RFpowerisgeneratedbyawidevarietyoftechniques,implementations,an
4、dcontrollingRFsignals,andvacuum-tubePAsweredominantactivedevices.Poweramplifiersareincorporatedintotransmit-fromthelate1920sthroughthemid-1970s.Discretesolid-statetersinasimilarlywidevarietyofarchitectures,includinglinear,RF-powerdevicesbegantoappearattheendofthe1960sKahn,envelopetracking,outphasi
5、ng,andDoherty.Linearitycanwiththeintroductionofsiliconbipolartransistorssuchasthebeimprovedthroughtechniquessuchasfeedback,feedforward,2N6093[(75-WHFsinglesideband(SSB)]byRCA.Theirandpredistortion.dominanceinthe1980sbroughtabouttheuseoflowervolt-IndexTerms—Amplifier,Chireix,classA,classB,classC,cl
6、assages,highercurrents,andrelativelylowloadresistances.TheD,classE,classF,Doherty,envelopetracking,feedback,feedfor-1990ssawaproliferationofavarietyofnewsolid-statedevicesward,HF,Kahn,microwave,outphasing,power,predistortion,transmitter,UHF,VHF.includingHEMT,pHEMT,HFET,andHBT,usingavarietyofnewmat
7、erialssuchasInP,SiC,andGaN.Thesedevicesofferamplificationto100GHzormoreandareinmanycasesI.INTRODUCTIONgrowntoorderinMMICform.Thecombinationofdigitalpoweramplifier(PA)isacircuitforconvertingdc-inputsignalprocessin
