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1、InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,2ndeditionInternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,2ndeditionVOLUME5MASCULINITY–NYERERE,JULIUSWilliamA.DarityJr.EDITORINCHIEFMMASCULINITYindividualdifferences.Althoughsocialforcesoperatetocreatesystematicdifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,onMa
2、sculinityreferstothesocialroles,behaviors,andmean-ingsprescribedformeninanygivensocietyatanyoneaverage,thesedifferencesbetweenwomenandmenarenottime.Assuch,itemphasizesgender,notbiologicalsex,asgreatasthedifferencesamongmenoramongwomen.andthediversityofidentitiesamongdifferentgroupsofThe
3、meaningsofmasculinityvaryoverfourdifferentmen.Althoughweexperiencegendertobeaninternaldimensions;thusfourdifferentdisciplinesareinvolvedinfacetofidentity,theconceptofmasculinityisproducedunderstandinggender—anthropology,history,psychol-withintheinstitutionsofsocietyandthroughourdailyogy
4、,andsociology.interactions(Kimmel2000).First,masculinitiesvaryacrosscultures.Anthropolo-gistshavedocumentedthewaysthatgendervariescross-SEXVS.GENDERculturally.SomeculturesencouragementobestoicandtoMuchpopulardiscourseassumesthatbiologicalsexdeter-provemasculinity,especiallybysexualconqu
5、est.Otherminesone’sgenderidentity,theexperienceandexpressionculturesprescribeamorerelaxeddefinitionofmasculinityofmasculinityandfemininity.Insteadoffocusingonbio-basedoncivicparticipation,emotionalresponsiveness,logicaluniversals,socialandbehavioralscientistsarecon-andcollectiveprovisio
6、nforthecommunity’sneeds.WhatcernedwiththedifferentwaysinwhichbiologicalsexitmeanstobeamaninFranceoramongAboriginalpeo-comestomeandifferentthingsindifferentcontexts.SexplesintheAustralianoutbackaresofarapartthatitbeliesreferstothebiologicalapparatus,themaleandtheanynotionthatgenderidenti
7、tyisdeterminedmostlybyfemale—ourchromosomal,chemical,anatomical,organi-biologicalsexdifferences.Thedifferencesbetweentwozation.Genderreferstothemeaningsthatareattachedtocultures’versionofmasculinityisoftengreaterthanthethosedifferenceswithinaculture.Sexismaleandfemale;differenc
