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1、UrbanStudies,Vol.42,No.12,2145–2166,November2005ThreeChallengesfortheCompactCityasaSustainableUrbanForm:HouseholdConsumptionofEnergyandTransportinEightResidentialAreasintheGreaterOsloRegionErlingHoldenandIngridT.Norland[Paperfirstreceived,August2004;infinalform,March2005]Summary.The
2、resultsofarecentsurveyconductedineightresidentialareasintheGreaterOsloRegionsupportthehypothesisthatthereisaconnectionbetweenlandusecharacteristicsandhouseholdconsumptionofenergyandtransport.Findingsfromthesurveyalsolendgreatsupporttothecompactcityasasustainableurbanform.However,t
3、hreedistinctfindingsindicatethatdecentralisedconcentrationcouldleadtoevenlowerenergyuseinhouseholds:whiletheextentofeverydaytraveldecreasesindenselypopulatedareas,thecentralurbanareasrepresentthehighestlevelofleisure-timetravelbyplane;theaccesstoaprivategardenlimitstheextentofleisu
4、retravel;and,thedifferenceinenergyuseforhousingbetweensingle-familyandmultifamilyhousingisreducedinhousingbuiltafter1980,indicatingthattheestablishedconclusionsonthemostenergy-efficienthousingshouldbequestioned.IntroductionQuestionsforresearcharerelatedtohowamoresustainableconsumpt
5、ionpatterncouldTheresourceuseandenvironmentalimpactsbepromoted.Basedontheempiricalresultsofprivatehouseholdconsumptionareident-ofarecentresearchprojectineightresiden-ifiedaskeyaspectsofsustainabledevelop-tialareasoftheGreaterOsloRegion(Sus-ment.However,noteveryconsumptionHomes),thi
6、sarticlewillfocusontheactivitynecessarilyrepresentsaproblem.Arelationshipsbetweenurbanform(landusenumberofstudiespointtowardsthreedistinctcharacteristics)andhouseholdconsumptionconsumptioncategoriesasthemajorprob-(energyuseforhousingandtransport)andlemareas:housing,transportandfoo
7、dwilldiscusstheimplicationsofourfindings(Hille,1995;NationalConsumerAgencyoffortheestablisheddiscourseonurbansustain-Denmark,1996;Holden,2001;Lorekand2ableform.Spangenberg,2001;AallandNorland,Withinplanningresearch,itiscommonly2002).Thesethreecategoriesaccountforassumedthatthedesig
8、nandlocationofresi-asmuchas80perc
