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1、TheMongolEmpireinChinaandtheMongolianInfluenceonChineseLanguageGuangshunCAOInstituteofLinguisticsChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesContactwithNon-HanConquerorsinChineseHistoryThroughoutChinesehistory,anumberofnon-Hanethnicgroupswithlanguagesbelongingtovariouslan
2、guagefamilieshaveresidedinoroccupiedthenorthernChineseterritories.TwogroupsoccupiedallofChinaforsignificantperiodsoftime.Thefollowingisabriefaccountofthemajornon-Hangroups(FairbankandReischuer,1978:153):▪Xiongnu(theHuns?):aTurkish-speakinggroup,foundedthefir
3、ststeppeempireinthethirdcenturyB.C.onthegrasslandsofnorthernChinaandwereconqueredbytheHaninthefirstcenturyB.C.andfirstcenturyA.D.▪Rouzhi:probablyanIndo-European-speakinggroup,soughtbyHanChinaasalliesagainstXiongnuinthesecondcenturyB.C.▪Xianbei:aMongolian-spe
4、akinggroup,residedineasternMongoliainthethirdcenturyA.D.andinvadedChinainthefourthcentury.▪Tobgach(Tuoba):largelyMongolianlanguagespeakers,foundedtheNorthernWeidynasty(386-534A.D.)inNorthChina.▪Turks(Tujue):aTurkish-speakinggroup,establishedanempireinChinac.
5、581A.D.▪Khitan(Qidan):aMongolian-speakinggroup,foundedtheLiaodynastyinNorthChinaandadjacentareafrom947to1125A.D.▪Jurchen(ancestorsofManchus):aTungusiclanguagegroup,foundedtheJindynastyinNorthChinafrom1122to1234A.D.▪Tanguts:aTibetan-speakinggroup,foundedtheXi
6、xiaKingdominNorthwestChinafrom1038to1227A.D.▪Mongols:aMongolian-speakinggroup,foundedtheYuandynastyoverallofChinafrom1271to1368A.D.▪Manchus:aManchurian-speakinggroup,foundedtheQingdynastyandoccupiedallofChinafrom1644to1911A.D.Ofthenon-Hanethnicgroupsdescribe
7、dabove,theKhitan,JurchenandTangutsoccupiedareasinthenorthornorthwestofChina;theMongolsruledoverallofChinaforninety-sevenyears.TheMongolEmpireinChinaTheMongoltakeoverofChinawascompletedunderChinggisKhan’sablestgrandson,Khubilai(1215-1294),whobecameGreatKhanin
8、1260andtheemperorofChinain1271.Khubilainamedhisdynasty“Yuan”(‘theFirstBeginning’or‘Origin’).TheMongolsweremarkedlydifferentfromtheChinese,notonlyinlanguagebutalsoinsocialstatus,customs,dress,foo
