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1、MikeAshbyHowtoWriteaPaper7thEdition,July2011IntroductionThisbriefmanualgivesguidanceinwritingapaperaboutyourresearch.Mostoftheadviceappliesequallytoyourthesisortowritingaresearchproposal.Thecontentofthepaperreflectsthekindofworkyouhavedone:experimental,theoretical,computational.Ihaveused,asamod
2、el,atypicalMaterialsproject:onecombiningexperimentwithmodelingandcomputationtoexplainsomeaspectofmaterialbehaviour.Sections1to8giveguidelinesforclearwritingwithbriefexamples.TheAppendixcontainslongerexamplesofeffectiveandineffectivewriting.Themanualisprescriptive—ithastobe,ifitistobeshort.Itisd
3、esignedtohelpthosestrugglingwiththeirfirstpaper,orthosewhohavewrittenseveralbutfinditdifficult.Certainsectionsmayseemtoyoutobeelementary;theyaretherebecause,toothers,theyarenot.Section8,onStyle,isopen-ended,thestartingpointformoreexcitingthings.Contents1TheDesignp22TheMarket—Whoareyourreaders?p
4、33TheConcept—MakingaConcept-sheetp44Embodiment—Thefirstdraftp65DetailI—GrammarandSpellingp116DetailII—Punctuationp147DetailIII—Stylep18Acknowledgmentsp228FurtherReadingp22Appendix—Examplesofeffectiveandineffectivewritingp24Howtowriteapaper,7thedition1MFA,18/07/111THEDESIGNWell-writtenpapersarer
5、ead,remembered,cited.Poorlywrittenpapersarenot.Towritewell,youneedadesign.Likeanydesignactivity,thereareanumberofsteps(Figure1).I’veusedthelanguageofengineeringdesignhere—itfitswell.TheMarketNeed.Whatisthepurposeofthedocument?Whowillreadit?Howwillthereaderuseit?Theanswershelpyoudecidethelength,
6、thelevelofdetail,thestyle.TheConcept.Goodwritingstartswithaplan.Writershavedifferentwaysofdevelopingplans.Ifindtheconcept-sheet(Section3,below)isagoodwaytodoit.Figure1.TheDesignProcess.Designingapaperislikedesigninganythingelse:therearefiveessentialsteps.TheEmbodiment.Theembodimentisthefirstdra
7、ft.Getthefactsdownonpaperwithoutworryingaboutstyle;makedraftsofeachsection;developthecalculations;sketchthefigures;assemblereferences.Detail.Nowcomesthecrafting:clarity,balance,readability;inaword—style.TheEnd-Product.Appearanceis
