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1、PERSPECTIVEArchaeologyasasocialsciencea,1bcdeMichaelE.Smith,GaryM.Feinman,RobertD.Drennan,TimothyEarle,andIanMorrisabSchoolofHumanEvolutionandSocialChange,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ85298;DepartmentofAnthropology,TheFieldcdMuseum,Chicago,IL60605-2496;Depart
2、mentofAnthropology,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA15260;DepartmentofeAnthropology,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL60208;andDepartmentofClassics,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305EditedbyPatrickV.Kirch,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,andapprovedApril3
3、,2012(receivedforreviewFebruary8,2012)Becauseofadvancesinmethodsandtheory,archaeologynowaddressesissuescentraltodebatesinthesocialsciencesinafarmoresophisticatedmannerthaneverbefore.Coupledwithmethodologicalinnovations,multiscalararchaeologicalstudiesaroundthew
4、orldhaveproducedawealthofnewdatathatprovideauniqueperspectiveonlong-termchangesinhumansocieties,astheydocumentvariationinhumanbehaviorandinstitutionsbeforethemodernera.Weillustratethesepointswiththreeexamples:changesinhumansettlements,therolesofmarketsandstates
5、indeephistory,andchangesinstandardsofliving.Alternativepathwaystowardcomplexitysuggesthowcommonprocessesmayoperateundercontrastingecologies,populations,andeconomicintegration.anthropology
6、culturalevolution
7、economics
8、sociology
9、politicalsciencecholarsandthepublic
10、typicallyfrominequalityandstratificationsystemsthisreportrecognizetheapplicabilityofthinkofarchaeologyasanen-tomarketeconomiesandpoliticalsomeofourresultsbeyondthesenarrowdeavortofindearliestexamplesofinstitutions.disciplinarycontextsandwepresentSsuchthingsasthed
11、omesticatedArchaeologicaldatahaveseveralthreetopicsasillustrations.Webeginwithhorseorwritingorcities.Alltoooften,advantagesforstudyingpastsocieties.theearliestsedentaryvillagesandlaterarticleswitharchaeologicalthemesintheFirst,theyaretheonlysourceofinfor-urbans
12、ettlements,omittingthelengthypopularmediafocussolelyonourrecoverymationaboutthehumanpastbeforetheearlierrecordofPaleolithichunter–ofthingsassociatedwiththeparticularitiesinv
