An-Introduction to R.2010

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1、AnIntroductiontoRNotesonR:AProgrammingEnvironmentforDataAnalysisandGraphicsVersion2.11.1(2010-05-31)W.N.Venables,D.M.SmithandtheRDevelopmentCoreTeamCopyrightc1990W.N.VenablesCopyrightc1992W.N.Venables&D.M.SmithCopyrightc1997R.Gentleman&R.IhakaCopyrightc1997,1

2、998M.MaechlerCopyrightc1997–RCoreDevelopmentTeamCopyrightc1999–2010RDevelopmentCoreTeamPermissionisgrantedtomakeanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthismanualprovidedthecopy-rightnoticeandthispermissionnoticearepreservedonallcopies.Permissionisgrantedtocopyanddistri

3、butemodifiedversionsofthismanualunderthecondi-tionsforverbatimcopying,providedthattheentireresultingderivedworkisdistributedunderthetermsofapermissionnoticeidenticaltothisone.Permissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributetranslationsofthismanualintoanotherlanguage,un

4、dertheaboveconditionsformodifiedversions,exceptthatthispermissionnoticemaybestatedinatranslationapprovedbytheRDevelopmentCoreTeam.ISBN3-900051-12-7iTableofContentsPreface:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11Introductionandpreliminari

5、es:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21.1TheRenvironment::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21.2Relatedsoftwareanddocumentation:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21.3Randstatistics:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

6、:::::::::::::::::::::::::21.4Randthewindowsystem:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::31.5UsingRinteractively::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::31.6Anintroductorysession::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

7、::::::::::::::::41.7Gettinghelpwithfunctionsandfeatures:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::41.8Rcommands,casesensitivity,etc.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::41.9Recallandcorrectionofpreviouscommands:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

8、::51.10Executingcommandsfromordivertingoutputtoafile::::::::::::::::::::::::::::51.11Datapermanencyandremovingobjects:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::52Simplemanipulations;numbe