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1、JournalofEnvironmentalSciences21(2009)1118–1124AtmosphericleadpollutioninfineparticulatematterinShanghai,ChinaLIXiaolin1,,ZHANGYuanxun1,TANMingguang1,LIUJiangfeng1,BAOLiangman1,ZHANGGuilin1,LIYan1,IIDAAtsuo21.ShanghaiInstituteofAppliedPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shanghai2018
2、00,China.E-mail:lixl@sinap.ac.cn2.PhotonFactory,HighEnergyAcceleratorResearchOrganization,1-1O-ho,Tsukuba,Ibaraki305,JapanReceived14October2008;revised20January2009;accepted04February2009AbstractThePb-monitoringprogramwasextendedfor6yearsfrom2002to2007at17representativeurbansites
3、(6trac,5industrial,and6residentialsites),and3suburbansitestoassesstheleadpollutioninfineparticulatematter(PM2:5)afterphasingoutleadedgasolineinShanghai.ComparedwithPblevelsreportedinotherplaces,thePbpollutioninShanghaiisstillseriousafterphasingoutleadedgasoline,whichremainsathigh
4、concentrationrange(213–176ng/m3)inPMinwinter.Significantspatialvariation2:5ofPbconcentrationsandstrongseasonalvariationofhigherPbconcentrationinwinterthanthatinsummerweredetected.ThesizedistributionofPbinparticulatematterhasaunimodalmodethatpeaksatapproximately0.154–1.59mparticle
5、diameter,indicatingthatPbismainlyconcentratedinfinefraction.Leadinthefinefractionisenrichedbyafactorof103–104relativetoPbabundanceincrust.EightcategoriesofPbpollutionsourceswereidentifiedinthePM2:5inthewinterof2007inShanghai.Theimportantemissionsourcesamongthemarevehicleexhaustderiv
6、edfromcombustionofunleadedgasoline,metallurgicindustryemission,andcoalcombustionemission.Keywords:atmosphericpollution;lead;pollutionsources;X-rayanalysis;singleparticleDOI:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62390-6IntroductionleadconcentrationsinUSA,Japan,andsomecountriesinEuropefirstbegantod
7、ecreaseduetothephase-outMedicalresearchhasshownthatPbisahighlytoxicofleadedgasoline.Forinstance,atmosphericPbconcen-elementtohuman.TheexposuretoPbwillcauseseveretrationdecreasedfromabout3000ng/m3intheearlyphysiologicalorneurologicaleectsevenatlowlevel,in1970s(Milleretal.,1972)tol
8、essthan10ng/m3inparticularforchildren(Fu
