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1、Phaseretrievalofanelectronvortexbeamusingdiffractionholography1,23,**24FedericoVenturi,MarcoCampanini,GianCarloGazzadi,RobertoBalboni,1,25,675,8StefanoFrabboni,RobertW.Boyd,RafalE.Dunin-Borkowski,EbrahimKarimi,2,3*VincenzoGrillo1DipartimentoFIM,UniversitàdiModenaeReggio
2、Emilia,ViaG.Campi213/a,I-41125Modena,Italy2CNR-IstitutoNanoscienze,CentroS3,ViaG.Campi213/a,I-41125Modena,Italy3CNR-IMEMParcoAreadelleScienze37/A,I-43124Parma,Italy4CNR-IMMBologna,ViaP.Gobetti101,40129Bologna,Italy5DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofOttawa,25Templeton,Otta
3、wa,Ontario,K1N6N5Canada6InstituteofOptics,UniversityofRochester,Rochester,NewYork14627,USA7ErnstRuska-CentreforMicroscopyandSpectroscopywithElectronsandPeterGrünbergInstitute,ForschungszentrumJülich,52425Jülich,Germany8DepartmentofPhysics,InstituteforAdvancedStudiesinBa
4、sicSciences,45137-66731Zanjan,Iran*correspondingauthor:vincenzo.grillo@cnr.it**presentaddress:EMPA,Überlandstrasse129,8600Dübendorf(Zürich)Inbothlightopticsandelectronoptics,theamplitudeofawavescatteredbyanobjectisanobservablethatisusuallyrecordedintheformofanintensityd
5、istributioninarealspaceimageoradiffractionimage.Incontrast,retrievalofthephaseofascatteredwaveisawell-knownchallenge,whichisusuallyapproachedbyinterferometricornumericalmethods.Inelectronmicroscopy,asaresultofconstraintsinthelenssetup,itisparticularlydifficulttoretrieve
6、thephaseofadiffractionimage.Here,weusea“defocusedbeam”generatedbyananofabricatedhologramtoformareferencewavethatcanbeinterferedwithadiffractedbeam.ThissetupprovidesanextendedinterferenceregionwiththesamplewavefunctionintheFraunhoferplane.Asacasestudy,weretrievethephaseo
7、fanelectronvortexbeam.Beyondthisspecificexample,theapproachcanbeusedtoretrievethewavefrontsofdiffractedbeamsfromawiderangeofsamples.Inlightopticsandelectronmicroscopy,theintensitydistributioninarealspaceimageoradiffractionimageofasampleisusuallyrecorded,whilephaseinform
8、ationislost.Forthisreason,significantefforthasbeenaimedatdevelopingmethodsthatcanbeusedtoretrievephasedistribu
