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时间:2019-08-07
《5 - Categorical syllogism》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、1SyllogismAsyllogismisatwo-premisedeductiveargument.Or,acategoricalsyllogismisanargumentinwhichboththepremisesandtheconclusionarecategoricalpropositions.2Thereare3propositions.Thereare3terms.Eachtermisusedtwice.Noneofthetermisusedtwiceinthesameproposition.3
2、Allsoldiersarepatriots.Notraitorsarepatriots.Therefore,notraitorsaresoldiers.4MajortermMajortermisthepredicateoftheconclusion.Soldiers5MinortermMinortermisthesubjectoftheconclusion.Traitors6MiddletermMiddletermisthelinkbetweenthetwopremises.Itdoesnotoccurin
3、theconclusion.Patriots7MajorandminorpremisesThemajorpremiseisthepremisethatcontainsthemajorterm:“Allsoldiersarepatriots”.Theminorpremiseisthepremisethatcontainstheminorterm:“Notraitorsarepatriots”.8StandardformThemajorpremiseislistedfirst,theminorpremisesec
4、ond,andtheconclusionlast.MajorpremiseMinorpremiseConclusion9MoodThemoodistheorderofthetypeofpropositionsinacategoricalsyllogism.Inthepreviousexample,themoodisAEE.Aisthetypeofthemajorpremise,Eforminorpremise,thefinalEfortheconclusion.10FigureThefigureofacate
5、goricalpropositionisdeterminedbythelocationofthetwooccurrencesofthemiddleterminthepremises.Therefore,thereare4possiblefigures.11Figure1Figure2Figure3Figure4MPSMSPPMSMSPMPMSSPPMMSSP12Positionsofthe4SetsofMiddleTermsRemembertheW-shapedfigure13Sincetherearefou
6、rkindsofcategoricalpropositionsandthreecategoricalpropositionsineachsyllogism,wecanhave64(4x4x4)possiblemoods.Andsincewehave4possiblefigures,thereareatotalof256differentforms(mood-figure)ofcategoricalsyllogism.14Ifyoucanwriteouttheformofaparticularcategoric
7、alsyllogism,thenyoucancheckwhetheritisunconditionallyvalidornot.Ifwefurtherrequirecertaintermsinthesyllogismtorefertoactuallyexistingthings,thenweareconcernedwithconditionalvalidity.15UnconditionallyValidFigure1Figure2Figure3Figure4AAAEAEIAIAEEEAEAEEAIIIAIA
8、IIEIOOAOEIOEIOAOOEIO16Don’tworrythatyouhavetorememberalltheforms.Youaresimplyrequiredtounderstandtheunderlyingprinciple.Justbyknowingthemood-figureofasyllogism,wecancheckwhetherthesyllogismisunconditio
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