1.Feminism as a movement and critical approach

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1、Asanapproachtoliterature,feminismwasnotinaugurateduntil1960s.BehinditweretwocenturiesofstrugglemarkedbysuchbooksasMaryWollstonecraft’sAVindicationoftheRightsofWomen(1792),JohnStuartMill’sTheSubjectionofWomen(1868)andtheAmericanMargaretFuller’sWomaninthe19thCentury(1845).First–waveFeministCritici

2、smThewomen’sRightsandWomen’sSuffragemovementswerethedeterminantsinshapingthefirst-wavemovementthroughthe19thandearly20thcenturies,withitsemphasisonsocial,politicalandeconomicreform.VirginiaWoolfandKatherineMansfield,arethemostsignificantfigures.InARoomofOne’sOwn,VirginiaWoolfwasconsciousthatwome

3、nfacedvariousobstaclestotheirambitions.Shepromotedawiderangeofprojects,fromademandfordivorce-lawreformtoproposalsforawomen’scollege.SimoneDeBeauviore,inTheSecondSex(1949),declared,“oneisnotborn,butratherbecomesawoman.…”Sincetheirbirthwomenbegintointernalizethepatriarchalideology.Second-waveFemin

4、istCriticismBettyFriedan’sTheFeminineMystique(1963)marksthebeginningofthesecondwave.第二浪潮女权主义运动始作俑者Inthebook,Friedanrevealedthefrustrationsofwhite,middle-classAmericanwomen—withoutcareerandtrappedindomesticlife.ShedemystifiedthedominantimageofthehappyAmericansuburbanhousewife.“幸福家庭主妇”是流行于美国五六十年代的

5、典型女性形象。30年代美国经济的大萧条、40年代的二战、50年代的麦卡锡主义(coldwar,anti-communism)使人们心力交瘁，拥有幸福的家庭成为多数美国人孜孜以求的目标。但是，在这大好风光之下却隐藏了一个严重的社会问题，也就是女性问题。《女性的奥秘》开篇即提出一个“无法命名的问题”(theproblemthathasnoname)，即受过教育、生活阔绰的白人中产阶级妇女承受着无名之痛。原因在于:她们必须塑造以结婚生子为唯一目的的快乐主妇形象，即所谓“女性的奥秘”。事实上，在遵从这一奥秘之时，女性们没有自我实现的道路。弗里丹认为:女性应拥有和男性同等的发展机会。该书对美国社

6、会中的性别歧视问题做了深刻的解读，是20世纪最具影响力的书籍之一，改变了一代美国女性的生活。KateMillett’sSexualPolitics(《性政治》,1970)markstheclimaxofthesecond-wavefeminism.Thetitleannouncesherviewof“patriarchy”asa“politicalinstitution”.Sheanalyzessocialinstitutionsascovertwaysofperpetuatingthesubjectionofwomen，forexample,folklore,theology,med

7、ia,psychology,literature,etc.SheattacksthemalebiasinFreud’spsychoanalysisandexaminesliterarygiantslikeD.H.Lawrencetorevealtheirdistortedrepresentationsoffemaleexperience.社会的所有权力、领导位置均掌握于男性手中。基督教神学，弗洛伊德心理学，也是男权制的产物，男性文豪笔下的女性形