Kraemmer_2004_advances

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1、INSTITUTEOFPHYSICSPUBLISHINGREPORTSONPROGRESSINPHYSICSRep.Prog.Phys.67(2004)351431PII:S0034-4885(04)88875-4AdvancesinperturbativethermalfieldtheoryUKraemmerandARebhanInstitutfurTheoretischePhysik,TechnischeUniversit¨atWien,¨WiednerHauptstraße8-10/136,A-1040Vienna,AustriaReceived21Nov

2、ember2003Published12February2004Onlineatstacks.iop.org/RoPP/67/351(DOI:10.1088/0034-4885/67/3/R05)AbstractTheprogressinthelastdecadeinperturbativequantumfieldtheoryathightemperaturesanddensities,madepossiblebytheuseofeffectivefieldtheoriesandhardthermal/denseloopresummationsinultrarel

3、ativisticgaugetheories,isreviewed.Therelevantmethodsarediscussedinfieldtheoreticalmodelsfromsimplescalartheoriestonon-Abeliangaugetheoriesincludinggravity.Inthesimplermodels,theaimistogiveapedagogicalaccountofsomeoftherelevantproblemsandtheirresolution,whileinthemorecomplicatedbutals

4、omoreinterestingmodelssuchasquantumchromodynamics,asummaryoftheresultsobtainedsofarisgiventogetherwithreferencestoafewofthemostrecentdevelopmentsandopenproblems.0034-4885/04/030351+81$90.00©2004IOPPublishingLtdPrintedintheUK351352UKraemmerandARebhanContentsPage1.Introduction3541.1.O

5、utline3542.Basics3552.1.Imaginary-time(Matsubara)formalism3572.2.Real-time(Keldysh)formalism3582.3.Extensiontogaugetheories3603.Resummationissuesinscalarφ4-theory3623.1.Daisyandfoamresummation3623.2.Thermalmasses3633.3.Perturbationseries3643.4.Dimensionalreduction3643.5.Apparentconv

6、ergence3653.6.Restorationofspontaneouslybrokensymmetry3684.QCDthermodynamics3694.1.Dimensionalreduction3694.2.Apparentconvergence3714.3.Finitechemicalpotential3744.4.Lowtemperaturesandhighchemicalpotentials3755.Thequasi-particlespectrumingaugetheories3765.1.Gauge-bosonpropagator3775

7、.1.1.Gaugeindependenceofsingularities3795.1.2.Gauge-fieldquasi-particlesatleadingorder3795.2.Fermions3815.3.Diquarkcondensatesandcoloursuperconductivity3836.HTLeffectiveactionandresummation3856.1.HTLeffectiveaction3856.2.Kinetic-theoryapproach3866.3.HTL/HDLresummation3876.3.1.HTL-scr

8、eenedperturbationth