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1、BookReviews459administrationsnecessitatedmanymoremechanicalshopsandsupplydepotsthanwouldotherwisehavebeenthecase.Anotherkeythemerunningthroughthebookisthestrongeconomicleverageoftherailroadcompanies.AccordingtoElisabethKöll,theyemployedlargenumbersofpeople,andinmanyplacesaccompanyingthec
2、onstructionoftheactuallineswasextensiveinvestmentinsubsidiarybusinessesandindustries,financialandcom-mercialinstitutions,portandroadinfrastructure,publicutilities,warehouses,hotelsfortravellers,andhousing,healthcareandeducationservicesforthefamiliesoftherailwaymen.TheSMRalsostimulatedthe
3、rapidexpansionofagriculture.HugetractsoflandwerebroughtundercultivationandManchuriabecametheworld’slar-gestsourceofsoybeansandsoyproducts.CoalwasoneofthemaincargoesshippedontheManchurianrailways.Theareahadveryrichreserves.Therailwayscouldnotoperatewithoutcoal.Thus,asmen-tionedbyS.C.M.Pai
4、ne,takingoverarailwayoftenmeantalsotakingpossessionofcoalminesalongtheroute.Coalwasalsoindispensableinmetallurgy,generatingelectricity,cementandkeychemicalindustries,waterandspaceheating,andcooking.Chinastillreliesveryheavilyoncoaltogenerateelectricity,anddecadeslater,hugeamountsofcoalar
5、estillshippedontheserailways.Inthepreface,StephenKotkin,oneofthevolume’seditors,pointsoutthattherail-wayshavebeenkeyinhelpingsateChina’sthirstforcrudeoilfollowingthepeakingofitsownoilproductionintheearly1980s.In2009,about306,000barrelsweredailyshippedfromSiberiatoChinabyrail.Thispointisp
6、ickedupagainbytheotheredi-torofthevolume,BruceA.Elleman,intheepiloguewhichhintsatpotentialdevel-opmentswithrespecttothetransferofoiltoChina.Indeed,soonafterthisbookwaspublished,thefirstoilpipelinebetweenRussiaandChinabecameoperationalaftermanyyearsofdiscussion.Bringingtheoilbypipelineisc
7、heaperandmoreefficientthanbyrail.Oilcargoeswilldropsharplybuttherailcapacitywillnodoubtbeusedtocarryotherkeycommoditiesandgoods.ELSPETHTHOMSONTheIntellectualFoundationsofChineseModernity:CulturalandPoliticalThoughtintheRepublicanEraEDMUNDS.K.FUNGLondonandNewYork:Cambridge
