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1、TaggingProblems,andHiddenMarkovModelsMichaelCollins,ColumbiaUniversityOverviewITheTaggingProblemIGenerativemodels,andthenoisy-channelmodel,forsupervisedlearningIHiddenMarkovModel(HMM)taggersIBasicde nitionsIParameterestimationITheViterbialgorithmPart-of-SpeechTaggingINPUT:Pro tssoaredatBoeingCo.,eas
2、ilytoppingforecastsonWallStreet,astheirCEOAlanMulallyannounced rstquarterresults.OUTPUT:Pro ts/Nsoared/Vat/PBoeing/NCo./N,/,easily/ADVtopping/Vforecasts/Non/PWall/NStreet/N,/,as/Ptheir/POSSCEO/NAlan/NMulally/Nannounced/V rst/ADJquarter/Nresults/N./.N=NounV=VerbP=PrepositionAdv=AdverbAdj=Adjective:::
3、NamedEntityRecognitionINPUT:Pro tssoaredatBoeingCo.,easilytoppingforecastsonWallStreet,astheirCEOAlanMulallyannounced rstquarterresults.OUTPUT:Pro tssoaredat[CompanyBoeingCo.],easilytoppingforecastson[LocationWallStreet],astheirCEO[PersonAlanMulally]announced rstquarterresults.NamedEntityExtractiona
4、sTaggingINPUT:Pro tssoaredatBoeingCo.,easilytoppingforecastsonWallStreet,astheirCEOAlanMulallyannounced rstquarterresults.OUTPUT:Pro ts/NAsoared/NAat/NABoeing/SCCo./CC,/NAeasily/NAtopping/NAforecasts/NAon/NAWall/SLStreet/CL,/NAas/NAtheir/NACEO/NAAlan/SPMulally/CPannounced/NA rst/NAquarter/NAresults/
5、NA./NANA=NoentitySC=StartCompanyCC=ContinueCompanySL=StartLocationCL=ContinueLocation:::OurGoalTrainingset:1Pierre/NNPVinken/NNP,/,61/CDyears/NNSold/JJ,/,will/MDjoin/VBthe/DTboard/NNas/INa/DTnonexecutive/JJdirector/NNNov./NNP29/CD./.2Mr./NNPVinken/NNPis/VBZchairman/NNof/INElsevier/NNPN.V./NNP,/,the/
6、DTDutch/NNPpublishing/VBGgroup/NN./.3Rudolph/NNPAgnew/NNP,/,55/CDyears/NNSold/JJand/CCchairman/NNof/INConsolidated/NNPGold/NNPFields/NNPPLC/NNP,/,was/VBDnamed/VBNa/DTnonexecutive/JJdirector/NNof/INthis/DTBritish/JJindustrial/JJconglomerate/NN./.:::38,219It/PRPis/VBZalso/RBpulling/VBG20/CDpeople/NNSo
7、ut/INof/INPuerto/NNPRico/NNP,/,who/WPwere/VBDhelping/VBGHuricane/NNPHugo/NNPvictims/NNS,/,and/CCsending/VBGthem/PRPto/TOSan/NNPFrancisco/NNPinstead/RB./.IFromthetrainingset,induceafunction/algorithmth
