历年考研英语(二)真题及答案详解(2010、2011、2012、2013)

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历届考研英语（二）真题（2010-2013）【作者：羽毛蛇】【使用说明】本人亲身经历了考研的旅途，深对于英语（二），研友们最缺的就是真题，因为专硕产生不久，参考人数却呈爆发式增长；而相对英语（一），市面上不易买到英语（二）的真题资料，给考生带来不便。即使是网上的一些版本也是七拼八凑，错误连篇。本着传承爱心的理念，本人特整理2010-2013年真题及参考答案，供学弟学妹们复习。本版本真题的一大特点是完全按照考研真题的格式、字体、字号、行间距排版，每套真题12页，建议使用时采用A4纸双面印刷，以最大限度模拟考场实际效果。（市面上的真题大多为了节约纸张，缩小了字体和行间距，和考场真题有一定差距，若长期用市面版本做练习，上了考场可能不习惯：例如完型填空，考场真题第一页是完型文章，选项一般从第二页开始，需要翻页，给考生造成不便，考生需提前习惯这种不便！而市面上的真题大多文章选项就在一页，做习惯了反而会不利于考场发挥！深有体会，切记切记）对于真题的使用方法，有以下几点需要说明：不要盲目做真题！那是浪费资源！英语（二）开考以来就这四套真题，希望大家节约使用！其他的模拟题、英语（一）真题、样题都没这四套值价！不信对比着做几套就知区别！专硕真题是宝藏，它就是我们确切意义上的指南！建议大家采用一下介绍的“六遍法”，以最大限度榨干真题价值！（每遍适当间隔一段时间效果会更好）第一遍：严格按照考试时间，创造最贴近考试的环境来完成真题。第二遍：摘抄生词，长句进行记忆分析，进一步熟悉文章，正面分析正确选择项，使自己的思路初步贴近出题人的思路。看答案的时候最好不要看相关的分析，因为这样可能会让自己的思路跟着出书人跑。另外，你需要对出的题目有一个分类了，例如细节题目，作者态度题目，例证题目，文章主旨题目等等，为以后的进一步总结应对策略打下基础。第三遍：反面分析错误选择项（至关重要！）主要应该主要从4个方面着手：一、对比正确选项和错误选项，找出其差异所在。在知道了为什么正确答案为什么正确的基础上找出错误的原因，出题人为什么要用这个错误选项来迷惑我们—— 用的是偷换概念还是以小代大？同意互换的修饰成分是否遗漏？作者观点题目答案给的是不是有出题人主观倾向以及这种倾向是不是可以作为规律来对待？等等等等。二、把错误选择项带到原文中，看看出题人是怎么把作者意图和事实歪曲的。关于这点你可以分析完10篇来一个总结，你会很惊奇的发现：原来每道题目错误选项的来路是这么的相似！以后再见到这种错误选项的时候很大程度上你就能感觉到什么应该是正确的什么是错误的了（这就是你和出题人思路的接近过程）。三、把握绝对和相对的关系，找出错误选项代表性的词汇。很多辅导班老师会这么告诉你：包含some，perhaps，appromately，about，seems等词汇的选择项一般都是正确的，而包含certainly，extremely等绝对的一般都是错误的。这个可以当成一个一般的原则来应用，但是我要求你们并不是简单的把这类词汇给看到然后就直接的判断出其正确性或者错误性，我们现在是打基础，必须对自己从严要求，我们应该这样做：找出代表性词汇后进行汇总，根据肯定否定的语气轻重来把它们进行排序，然后回到题目看看出题目的人是怎么把作者不太肯定的语气给“硬化”的（老外很少说绝对，中国人经常说绝对）。四、把自己当成出题人来思考（换位思考）。你需要把自己放到出题人的角度来对待错误选项，因为错误选项都是很熟悉中国人思维的专家出的，因此，你如果单纯的从自己（考生）的角度思考错误选择项，很可能会百思不得其解，而在把我原文的基础之上把自己看成出题人情况就会很不同。这是提高你考试能力的一个很重要的方法，到你经过一系列的训练，能从出题人的思路把握选择项的时候，你就是真正的知彼知己，从而就很容易的达到百战不殆了。第四遍：回到文章中去，把自己上一遍的思路“代入”到文章中去，分析一下出题人是怎样把题目出出来的，具体思考以下几个问题：一、体会出题人为什么会在这个地方出题目而不在其他地方出题目？二、其它地方是不是可以出题目？三、如果让你出题目你会怎样来出？四、自己试着出上几道题目，比较一下和出题人的差距，进一步体会出题人出题目的把戏。第五遍：再次像第一遍那样去做题目，总结出题技巧以及自己的应对策略。当然，答案你已经非常清楚了，这里只是让你再次体验一下真题的“魅力” 所在。总结出题技巧并不是让你将来有可能去出题目，只是再此深化贴近出题人思维方式这个思路，争取达到自己看到一篇文章在看题目之前就大致知道体会出在什么地方（完全可以达到）。应试策略和前面几遍的分析是分不开的，前面的工作做好了，你就是不进行应试策略的专门总结也没有问题，例如例证题目，你完全可以自己就总结出来90%向上，10%向下找答案的思路等等。第六遍：这一遍选择应用，首先，可以适当做一点市场上的模拟试题应用下自己总结出来的方法，看一下是不是自己的思路和出书人的差不多，不一样完全没有关系，因为到现在你的试题研究的水平可能比出书人还要高，你的思路更加贴近将来的06年真题！其次，适当的选用自己认为比较好的模拟试题，你可以在做完题目之后用挑剔的木管来“修正”它们，进一步使自己的应试技巧和策略得到深化。最后给大家一点个人的建议：英语没必要报辅导班，尤其是专硕英语，靠自己才是王道！虽然辅导班天花乱坠的宣传台词催生了如火如荼的考研经济，但就我个人的经历来说，不要太指望辅导班。认真研究着几套真题，再归纳联系一下各类型的作文，考研英语没问题的！预祝大家取得好成绩，并在考研路上有所收获！ 2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题SectionIUseof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconjune11,2009.Itisthefirstwotldwidecpidemic__1__bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert__2__anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharppiseincasesinAustralia.andrising__3__inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepiemicis“__4__”inseverity.AccordingtoMargaretChan.Theorganization’sdirectorgeneral,__5__theoverwhelmingmajortyofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery.Ofteninthe__6__ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametogobal__7__inlateApril2009.whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths__8__healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto__9__inNewYorkCity,thesouthwestemUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade__10__warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas__11__fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe__12__testedarethenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,Ithas__13__morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials___14___Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan__15__ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is__16__aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose__17__doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot__18__forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother__19__.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups;healthcareworkers,people__20__infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.1.［A］criticized［B］appointed［C］commented［D］designated2.［A］proceeded［B］activated［C］followed［D］prompted 3.［A］digits［B］numbers［C］amounts［D］sums4.［A］Moderate［B］normal［C］unusual［D］extreme5.［A］With［B］in［C］from［D］by6.［A］Progress［B］absence［C］presence［D］favor7.［A］Reality［B］phenomenon［C］cincept［D］notice8.［A］Over［B］for［C］among［D］to9.［A］stayup   ［B］cropup  ［C］fillup ［D］coverup10.［A］as ［B］if［C］unless［D］until11.［A］excessive［B］enormous［C］significant［D］magnificent12.［A］categories［B］examples［C］patterns［D］samples13.［A］imparted ［B］immersed［C］injected［D］infected14.［A］released［B］relayed［C］relieved［D］remained15.［A］placing［B］delivering［C］taking［D］giving16.［A］feasible［B］available［C］reliable［D］applicable17.［A］prevalent［B］principal［C］innovative［D］initial18.［A］presented［B］restricted［C］recommended［D］introduced19.［A］problems［B］issues［C］agonies［D］sufferings20.［A］involvedin［B］caringfor  ［C］concernedwith［D］wardingoffSectionⅡReadingcomprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet, LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-forChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because____.A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryiesB.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbidsC.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpiecesD.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis 22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat_____.A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctionsB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleriesC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextentD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare____A.auctionhouses'favoritesB.contemporarytrendsC.factorspromotingartworkcirculationD.stylesrepresentingimpressionists25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe___A.FluctuationofArtPricesB.Up-to-dateArtAuctionsC.ArtMarketinDeclineD.ShiftedInterestinArtsText2IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom--awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveningin silence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate'70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed--butonlyafewofthemen--gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear--avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawomanglaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk.26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?A.Talkingtothem.B.Trustingthem.C.Supportingtheircareers.D.Sharinghousework.27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para2)mostprobablymeans___.Ageneratingmotivation.B.exertinginfluenceC.causingdamageD.creatingpressure28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_______A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomenB.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouplesD.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson______A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalkB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoonC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHackerTxet3Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands. Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap________.[A]shouldbefurthercultivated[B]shouldbechangedgradually[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto____[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople’habits[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’buyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits33.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’shabits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34.Fromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueto_____[A]perfectedartofproducts [B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments35.theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsfor federaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat______[A]bothlitcrateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed_____[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudegs38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause_____[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.___[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem40.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson_______[A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopment PartBDirections：Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuelBothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft.The787and350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips.aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwill diminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflight.Asithappens,America’sarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated.“MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,”headds.Soheshouldknow.41.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.42.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingresistance.43.Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherplans.44.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlydefined.45.IthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarⅡ,America’sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)“Sustainability”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidin’tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,Ihadsomuch anxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’lltrunthecorner,giveitsometime.’”SectionⅣWritingPartA47.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto1)Expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;2)Welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead.Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)PartB48.Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)Interpretthechartand2)Giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.WriteyouressayononANSWERSHEET2.(15points) 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题SectionIUseof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads. 1．A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2．A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3．A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4．A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5．A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6．A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7．A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8．A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9．A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10．A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11．A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login12．A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast13．A.trustedB.modernizedC.thrivingD.competing14．A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15．A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16．A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17．A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18．A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19．A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20．A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspass unremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.[A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.[A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters [D]independentadvisers23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.[A]becomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuits24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readers arepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituation27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.[A]readersthreatenedtopayless[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms[C]arelessdependentonadvertising[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness? [A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStoryText3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“lessismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartso popularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“less”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“lessismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife–fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers–buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’.[A]prosperityandgrowth[B]efficiencyandpracticality[C]restraintandconfidence[D]prideandfaithfulness32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.[A]wasrelatedtolargespace[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago’sLakeShoreDrive?[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart. 35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:”Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,its internalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation37.ThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers.[A]arecompetingfortheleadingposition[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat.[A]EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination[D]votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat____.［A］poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds［B］strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries［C］loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries［D］richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel____.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextra choicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthegovernment’sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose“fattaxes”onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette-stylewarningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealthsecretary,AndrewLansley,whoinsistedthegovernmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswanttoshopfast-foodoutletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproductssuchasMcDonald's.TheyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain’saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity，diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerenceStephenson,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsandChildHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassmokingorexcessivedrinking.“Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabanonsmokingintheworkplaceorinpubs,andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity?Iwouldsuggestthatweshouldbe,”saidtheleaderoftheUK’schildren’sdoctors.Lansleyhasalarmedhealthcampaignersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthangovernmenttotakethelead.HesaidthatmanufacturesofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralroleintheChangeLifecampaign,thecenterpieceofgovernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.HehasalsocriticizedthecelebritychefJamieOliver'shigh-profileattempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhow“lecturing”peoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheirbehavior.StephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat,saltorsugarbefore9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas.“Ifwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettes-bysettingstrictlimitsonadvertising,productplacementandsponsorshipofsportsevents,”hesaid.SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald's,whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering“inducements”suchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.ProfessorDineshBhugra,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,said:“ifchildrenare taughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhadontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,atleastinformationisavailableupfront.”Healsourgedcouncilstoimpose“fast-food-freezones”aroundschoolsandhospitals-areaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.ADepartmentofHealthspokespersonsaid:"Weneedtocreateanewvisionforpublichealthwhereallofsocietyworkstogethertogethealthyandlivelonger.Thisincludescreatinganew'responsibilitydeal'withbusiness,builtonsocialresponsibility,notstateregulation.Laterthisyear,wewillpublishawhitepapersettingoutexactlyhowwewillachievethis."Thefoodindustrywillbealarmedthatsuchseniordoctorsbacksuchradicalmoves,especiallythecalltousesomeofthetoughtacticsthathavebeendeployedagainstsmokingoverthelastdecade.A.“fattaxes”shouldbeimposedonfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald’s41.AndrewLansleyheldthatB.Thegovernmentshouldbanfast-foodoutletsintheneighborhoodofschools.42.TerenceStephensonagreedC.“lecturing"wasaneffectivewaytoimproveschoollunchesinEngland43.DineshBhugrasuggestedthatD.cigarette-stylewarningsshouldbeintroducedtochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet44.JamieOliverseemedtobelieveE.TheproducersofcrispsandcandiescouldcontributesignificantlytotheChangeLifecampaign.45.ADepartmentofHealthspokespersonproposedthatF.parentsshouldsetgoodexamplesfortheirchildrenbykeepingahealthydietathome. G.thegovernmentshouldstrengthenthesenseofresponsibilityamongbusinesses.46．Direction：InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese,writeyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumesofgreenhousegasesastheworld’sairlinesdo-rough2percentofallCO2emissions?Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween 0.2and7.0gramsofCO2dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.However,Googleandotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchtobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.SectionIV  WritingPartA47.Directions:SupposeyourcousinLiMinghasbeenadmittedtoauniversity.Writehim/heraletterto1)congratulatehim/her,and2)givehim/hersuggestionsonhowtogetpreparedforuniversitylife.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSERESHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangwei"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB48.Directions:writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwritingyoushould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图 2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题SectionIUseof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho__1__inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe__2__mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho__3__alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe__4__offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid__5__anaverageguy,up__6__thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies.Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation__7__GovernmentIssue,anditwason allofthearticle__8__tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever__9__itto thetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.The UnitedStateshas__10__hadapresidentorvicepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.GI.joehada__11__careerfightingGerman,Japanese,and Koreantroops.Heappersasacharacter ,ora__12__ofamerican personalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI.Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle__13__portrayedthemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe__14__sideofthewarI,writingaboutthedirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymileswere__15__orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated,Hisreports__16__the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen__17__hedirtandexhaustionofwar,the__18__ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.__19__Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,__20__themostimportantpersonintheirlives.1.[A]performed  [B]served   [C]rebelled   [D]betrayed2.[A]actual  [B]common   [C]special   [D]normal3.[A]bore   [B]cased   [C]removed   [D]loaded4.[A]necessities   [B]facilitice   [C]commodities   [D]propertoes5.[A]and   [B]nor   [C]but   [D]hence 6.[A]for   [B]into   [C]form  [D]against7.[A]meaning   [B]implying   [C]symbolizing   [D]claiming8.[A]handedout   [B]turnover   [C]broughtback   [D]passeddown9.[A]pushed   [B]got   [C]made   [D]managed10.[A]ever   [B]never   [C]either   [D]neither11.[A]disguised   [B]disturbed   [C]disputed   [D]distinguished12.[A]company   [B]collection   [C]community   [D]colony13.[A]employed   [B]appointed   [C]interviewed   [D]questioned14.[A]ethical   [B]military   [C]political   [D]human15.[A]ruined   [B]commuted   [C]patrolled   [D]gained16.[A]paralleled   [B]counteracted   [C]duplicated   [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected   [B]avoided   [C]emphasized   [D]admired18.[A]stages   [B]illusions   [C]fragments   [D]advancea19.[A]With   [B]To   [C]Among   [D]Beyond20.[A]onthecontrary   [B]bythismeans  [C]fromtheoutset   [D]atthatpointSectionIIResdiongComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseducationalritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.Butthepolicyisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictis essentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapatofschooling:teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandseeveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkhelped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.Ifthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifhomeworkdoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudentsarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1that nowadayshomework_____.[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[B]isnolongeraneducationalritual[C]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D]isgainingmorepreferences22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents_____.[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay____.[A]discouragestudentsfromdoinghomework[B]resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards [C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers'powerineducation24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswhether______.[A]itshouldbeeliminated[B]itcountsmuchinschooling[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantforgrades25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe______.[A]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]AFaultyApproachtoHomeworkText2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememerbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears. Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokins,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,acdordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacrurersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea“thirdsteppingstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Itwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.26.Bysaying"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink______.[A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence[C]cannotexplaingirls'lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests27.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours？[A]Coloursareencodedingirls'DNA.[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls.[C]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.[D]Whiteispreferedbybabies.28.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelopmentwasmuchinfluencedby_____.[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto_____.[A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders [C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D]createsomecommonshoppers'terms30.Itcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe____.[A]clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency[B]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsText 3In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades-by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO)，atradegroup，assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved，atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision，rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad，acompanyinUtah，saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine，thecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents：ageneisaproductofnature，soitmaynotbepatented；genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit；andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase，arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision，bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample，itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.Astheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.companiesare unlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorin thepublicdomain.firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesintcract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacy,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor‘connectingthedits’,expaainshanssauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrtcentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.31.itcanbelearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike-----[A].theirexecutivestobeactive[B].judgestoruleoutgenepatenting[C].genestobepatcntablc[D].theBIOtoissueawarning32.thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat----[A].genetictestsarenotreliable[B].onlyman-madeproductsarepatentable[C].patentson genesdependmuchoninnovatiaon[D].courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests33.accordingtohanssauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor----[A].establishingdiseasecomelations[B].discoveringgeneinteractions[C].drawingpicturesofgenes[D].identifyinghumanDNA34．Bysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthat-----[A].thesupremecourtwasauthoritative[B].theBIOwasapowerfulorganization[C].genepatentingwasagreatconcern[D].lawyerswerekeentoattendconventiongs35.generallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis----[A].critical[B].supportive [C].scornful[D].objectiveText4Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways;theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclasses.Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem---especiallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwinthinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety’scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisresessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlyit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend. 36.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”（Line1,Para.2）theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto___.[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovemment[B]explorereasonsfortheunermployment[C]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession37.AccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople_____.[A]realizethenationaldream[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirlifestyle38.BenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay_____.[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature[C]Promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms[D]easeconflictsbetweenracesandclasses39.TheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromeliteuniversitiestendto_____.[A]lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees[C]seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’[D]recovermorequicklythantheothers40.Theauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthat correspondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist'spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ifpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,"wroteSmiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwright andJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.Noteveryonewasconvincedbysuchbombast.“Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles,”wroteMarxandEngelinTheCommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededto appreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs. [A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes.41.Petrarch[B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists.42.NiccoloMachiavellli[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate.43.SamuelSmiles[D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory.44.ThomasCarlyle[E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.45.MarxandEngels[F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders. [G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers.SectionIII  Translation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.Writeyour translationon ANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusually concernedattheprospectoftherbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyor tohospitalsanduniversitiesinthe developedworld,Thesearethekind ofworkers thatcountrieslikeBritian,Canada and Australiatrytoattractbyusingimmigration rulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.A big surveyofIndianhouseholdsin2004 foundthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-school education,comparedwitharound3.3%ofallIndiansovertheageof25.This"brain drain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries,Theyfearthatithurts theireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniver-sities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernew productsfortheirfactoriestomake. SectionIV  WritingPartA47.DirectionsSupposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyou bought fromanonlinestoretheotherday,Writeanemailtothecustomerservice centerto1)makeacomplaintand2)demandaprompt solutionYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSERESHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangwei"instead.PartB48.Directions:writeanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.Inyourwritingyoushould1)describethetable,and2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteatleast150words.(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查年龄/满意度满意不清楚不满意小于等于40岁16.7%50.0%33．3%41-50岁0.0%36.0%64.0%大于50岁40.050.0%10.0% 2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题SectionIUseof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.__1__,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionsofsuchasocietyhavebeen__2__fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpayment“wouldsoonrevolutionizethevery__3__ofmoneyitself,”onlyto__4__itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso__5__incoming?　　Althoughe-moneymightbemoreconvenientandmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork__6__thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First,itisvery__7__tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe__8__formofpayment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey__9__receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto__10__.Third,theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays__11__acheckiscashedandfundsare__12__fromtheissuer'saccount,whichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcanearninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.__13__electronicpaymentsareimmediate,theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,electronicmeansofpayment__14__securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation__15__there.　　Becausethisisnotan__16__occurrence,unscrupulouspersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand__17__fundsbymovingthemfromsomeoneelse’saccountsintotheirown.The__18__ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andawholenewfieldofcomputersciencehasdevelopedto__19__securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic__20__thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldataonbuyinghabits.Thereareworriesthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata,therebyencroachingonourprivacy.　　1.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise 　　2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around　　3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role　　4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse　　5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady　　6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on　　7.[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive　　8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant　　9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print　　10.[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown　　11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when　　12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn　　13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though　　14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease　　15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed　　16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear　　17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return　　18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification　　19.[A]copewith[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto[D]callfor20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trailSectionIIResdiongComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployees today,”amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.”　　Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker.　　Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob，couldearnanaveragelifestyle,But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.　　Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,”Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared.　　Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.　　Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation.　　21.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate_______　　[A]theimpactoftechnologicaladvances　　[B]thealleviationofjobpressure　　[C]theshrinkageoftextilemills　　[D]thedeclineofmiddle-classincomes　　22.AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto______　　[A]workoncheapsoftware　　[B]askforamoderatesalary 　　[C]adoptanaveragelifestyle　　[D]contributesomethingunique　　23.ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat______　　[A]gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerased　　[B]jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeed　　[C]factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbefore　　[D]newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered　　24.Accordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis_____　　[A]toacceleratetheI.T.revolution　　[B]toensuremoreeducationforpeople　　[C]toadvanceeconomicglobalization　　[D]topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury　　25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?　　[A]NewLawTakesEffect　　[B]TechnologyGoesCheap　　[C]AverageIsOver[D]RecessionIsBadText2Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludesettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,and7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,“uccellidipassaggio,”birdsofpassage.　　Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemight thenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.　　Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem,Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.　　Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.　　Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.　　26“Birdsofpassage”referstothosewho____　　[A]immigrateacrosstheAtlantic.　　[B]leavetheirhomecountriesforgood.　　[C]stayinaforeigntemporarily.　　[D]findpermanentjobsoverseas.　　27Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheUS____　　[A]needsnewimmigrantcategories.　　[B]hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants.　　[C]shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges.　　[D]hasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans.　　28Accordingtotheauthor,today’sbirdsofpassagewant___　　[A]financialincentives.　　[B]aglobalrecognition.　　[C]opportunitiestogetregularjobs.　　[D]thefreedomtostayandleave.　　29Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated__　　[A]asfaithfulpartners. 　　[B]witheconomicfavors.　　[C]withlegaltolerance.　　[D]asmightyrivals.　　30whichofthebesttitleforthepassage?　　[A]comeandgo:bigmistake.　　[B]livingandthriving:greatrisk.　　[C]withorwithout:greatrisk.[D]legalorillegal:bigmistake.Text 3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.　　Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.　　Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoing,Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.　　Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners.　　JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly“thinslice”informationreliablyonly afterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin“thicksliced”long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodays,nottwoseconds.　　Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.　　31.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay____.　　[A]varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation　　[B]provethecomplexityofourbrainreaction　　[C]dependontheimportanceoftheassessment　　[D]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment　　32.Ourreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnaodecisions____.　　[A]canbeassociative　　[B]arenotunconscious　　[C]canbedangerous　　[D]arenotimpulsive　　33.Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould____.　　[A]trustourfirstimpression　　[B]doaspeopleusuallydo　　[C]thinkbeforeweact　　[D]askforexpertadvice　　34.JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionarebasedon____.　　[A]criticalassessment　　[B]‘‘thinsliced’’study　　[C]sensibleexplanation　　[D]adequateinformation　　35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis____.　　[A]tolerant 　　[B]uncertain　　[C]optimistic[D]doubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily—friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisions,andEurope,stopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.indeed,womenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropecorporateboards.　　TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen-upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.Lastyear,EuropeCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.　　DoweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateLadderfairyastheybalanceworkandfamily?　　“Personally,Idon’tlikequotas,”Redingsaidrecently.“Butilikewhatthequotasdo.”Quotasgetaction:they“openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceiling,”accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.　　IunderstandReding’sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon’tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governmentbythecapable.But,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.　　Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuch“softpressure”isputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower--as,forexample,SherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule.　　Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen---whetherCEOsortheirchildren’ scaregivers--andallfamilies,Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety.　　36.IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally_____.　　[A]womentakethelead　　[B]menhavethefinalsay　　[C]corporategovernanceisoverwhelmed　　[D]seniormanagementisfamily-friendly　　37.TheEuropeanUnion’sintendedlegislationis________.　　[A]areflectionofgenderbalance　　[B]areluctantchoice　　[C]aresponsetoReding’scall　　[D]avoluntaryaction　　38.AccordingtiReding,quotasmayhelpwomen______.　　[A]gettopbusinesspositions　　[B]seethroughtheglassceiling　　[C]balanceworkandfamily　　[D]anticipatelegalresults　　39.Theauthor’sattitudetowardReding’sappealisoneof_________.　　[A]skepticism　　[B]objectiveness　　[C]indifference　　[D]approval　　40.Womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof______.　　[A]moresocialjustice　　[B]massivemediaattention　　[C]suitablepublicpolicies[D]greater“softpressure”PartB Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)　　　[A]Livelikeapeasant　　[B]Balanceyourdiet　　[C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends　　[D]Remembertotreatyourself　　[E]Sticktowhatyouneed　　[F]Planningisevervthing　　[G]Wastenot,wantnot　　ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbetftrestaurants'"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here'shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.　　41.___________________　　Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.　　42____________________　　Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packed inthesupermarketchiller.　　43________________　　Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that'snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooff'willbecookedorjuiced.　　44___________________　　Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,Theywillletyouhaveforfree.　　45__________________　　Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-£1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou£21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It's£16.95there-or£12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.SectionIII  Translation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.Writeyour translationon ANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek,I’vebeenabletodothis,sinceIwas4.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.Mymindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.WhenIthinkofasadmemory,Idowhatevery-bodydoes–trytoputittooneside.Idon'tthinkit'sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.Powerfulmemorydoesn'tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.Icanrecallthedaymygrand-fatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalthedaybefore.IalsorememberthatthemusicalHairopenedonBroadwayonthesameday—theybothjustpopintomymindinthesameway. SectionIV  WritingPartA47.DirectionsSupposeyourclassistoholdacharitysaleforkidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto　　1)informthemaboutthedetailsand2)encouragethemtoparticipate100wordsuseLiMing.Don'twriteyouraddress.(10points)PartB48.Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchartinyourwriting,youshould　　(1)interpretthechart,and　　(2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteabout150words.(15points) 2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案sectionIUseofEnglish1.D2.C3.B4.A5.A6.B7.D8.C9.B10.A11.C12.D13.D14.A15.C16.B17.D18.C19.A20.BSectionⅡReadingcomprehensionPartA21.D22.A23.B24.C25.C26.A27.C28.B29.D30.B31.A32.A33.D34.C35.B36.D37.A38.C39.B40.D【答案详解】Text1本文出处：Nov26th2009，FromTheEconomistprintedition原文标题：Aspecialreportontheartmarket：Suspendedanimation21.选【D】，因为第一段段尾句Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.即雷曼兄弟公司破产。22.选【A】，本题迷惑选项为C，文章第三段只强调了 collectorsstayedaway；Salesfell，并没有强调“收藏时尚早在这之前就已经大大降温了”。23.选【B】因为文章第二段只说了Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginouslysince2003.并没有说比别的行业更有势头冲劲。24.选【C】本题其实属于猜词题，问3Ds是什么含义，根据最后一段的上下文的含义，上一段段尾句说：ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom。”；以及3Ds之前的句子，therearestillbuyersinthemarket；Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigher；notalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell能感觉到后文应该继续表示有信心，对将来乐观。所以选C。25.选【C】，文章从第二段开始就说虽然大家还是有信心，但艺术收藏市场不景气。Text2本文出处：TheWashingtonPost,June24,1990原文标题：WhyIsItSoHardforMenandWomentoTalktoEachOther?26.选【A】，根据第一段womenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem。27.选【C】，本题属于猜词题，从下文主要内容来看，夫妻缺乏沟通会导致离婚，即对婚姻产生破坏作用。28.选【B】，注意本题是选错误选项，ACD都是正确的，但是B选项错误的原因是偷换了50%的比率对象。文章只说了thecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent，即目前美国离婚率为50%，并没有说50%的离婚率是因为缺乏沟通造成的，B选项的说法大大低于文章前一句话所说的mostofthewomengavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorce。29.选【D】，文章主题强调男女说话交流模式不一样。AB中的moral和inequality不符合原文。C无中生有30.选【B】，本文围绕着男女交流不一样，导致离婚这一现象展开，所以下文具体会阐述这副图的的细节讨论这个现象。 Text3本文出处：纽约时报，July13,2008原文标题：Warning:HabitsMayBeGoodforYou21.选【A】，本题关键词Dr.Curtis，定位于第二段，A选项和第二段段尾句“howtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically”相同含义。22.选【A】，本题迷惑选项是D，其实文章没有强调这是好习惯，只是中立的立场描述了这些产品影响了人们的习惯。23.选【D】，根据第四和第六自然段的段尾句，发现只有Unilever文章没有阐述是否它帮助了人们产生习惯。24.选【C】，根据文章后四段，不难发现商业广告是主要原因，所以选C。25.选【B】，作者对于商业广告用的形容词：在第四段是shrewd(狡猾的，精明的)，在第7段是ruthless(无情的，残忍的)，说明作者对于广告的作用的观点是负面的。Text426.选【D】，因为第一段whomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracy，即只要达到基本年龄和文化要求即可，而A选项没有强调最低文化要求，C没有强调最低年龄要求，所以均错。另外，文中只说有权让自己的同伴审讯自己，而B选项说辩护人或被告不会受到同伴的审讯，这个说法于文章不一致，属于无中生有。27.选【C】，根据第二段段首段尾句，不难看出事与愿违，实际操作与想象不一样，有冲突。B错的原因是偷换了宾语，文章第二段第二句话没有强调当时歧视races(不同种族的人)28.选【C】，关键词1960s定位于第三段，A错误的原因不是statelaw禁止的，BD无中生有。C来自于段尾句theclaimthatwomenwereneededathome。29.选【B】，根据第四段第一二两句话，B是正确的。但D错误的原因是，偷换了conform的宾语，应该是根据JurySelectionandServiceAct进行改革。AC错误是定位错误，本题于1975年decisionTaylorv.Louisiana一事无关。30.选【C】，从第二段第一句：Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.第三段第一句：Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury. 以及第四段第一句In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.不难看出本文从第二段一直到最后，都是在阐述陪审团制度的问题，以及如何解决陪审团制度的问题。PartB译文：波音和空客都在吹嘘自己最新飞机787和A350的性能，巧妙的设计与轻质的材料当然使它们与众不同。但在斯坦福大学，由伊兰克鲁领导的一个研究小组提出，飞机的飞行路线可以改用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油，而且并不需要购买新的飞机。克鲁教授称这个设想是受到鸟类的启发。1914年，一位名叫卡尔维塞尔斯伯格的德国研究员发表了一篇具有重大意义的论文，科学家们从中得知，鸟类在飞行的时候排成V字、梯形或倒过来时，会节省体力。气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在其后面弯曲向上，这是一种叫上升流的现象。在上升流中飞行的鸟阻力减小，可以用更小的力气飞。彼得利萨曼以前是加州理工学院和南加州大学的航空专家，他认为由25只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行距离提升71%。当把鸟类的特性应用到飞机上的时候，原理也相差无几。克鲁教授和他的团队模拟了三10架分别从洛杉矶、旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞的客机在犹他州集合，采用反V字形状并偶尔换一下位置以便所有飞机轮流利用最有利位置，最后飞到伦敦。他们发现飞机节省多达15%的燃油，相应的二氧化碳排放也少了很多，途中排放的氮氧化物减少约四分之一。 当然，一定要有完善的操作指南。要考虑安全问题，至少在感觉上来说是安全的。乘客们在换位时会不会不舒服呢?克鲁教授指出飞机间会相隔几海里，不会像红箭表演队(英国皇家空军特技表演队)那样间距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也许都看不到另外的飞机。有关飞机间距是否符合空中管制条例暂且不谈，但国际民航组织的一个工作组已经考虑在新的操作方针中列入编队飞行的可能性。现在仍需考虑天气情况对气流的影响，这会关系到编队飞行的效率。在有大量乱流的地区，飞机尾部的气流会消失更快，上升流效应就会消失。克鲁教授称，在这方面他们团队将要进行更多的研究。每架客机的起飞时间与目的地都不相同，要协调它们编队飞行很难。相反，货机和日常空军飞行更容易协调时间。恰逢此时，美军已经着手这项研究。今年早些时候，美国国防部高级研究计划局宣布出资让波音公司研究编队飞行的计划，但项目到现在还没启动。有报道称二战时就有一些军机在燃油不足的情况下编队飞行，但利萨曼教授称那些都是杜撰的，他说：“我父亲是皇家空军飞行员，我的堂兄是一架在柏林坠毁的兰喀斯特式飞机的机长”，所以他应该知道。【答案】41.F42.T43.F44.T45.F【解析】21.【F】因为飞机的飞行路线可以改用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油，而且并不需要购买新的飞机。22.【T】因为drag有阻力的意思。23.【T】根据以上划线部分，即飞机间会相隔几海里，不会像红箭表演队(英国皇家空军特技表演队)那样间距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也许都看不到另外的飞机。可以得出乘客其实不受影响。另外要注意的是，题目中的more在这里不表示比较级。24.【T】段首句强调“天气情况对气流的影响现在仍需观察”所以本题正确。25.【F】根据but转折词，即划线部分，但DrLissaman称那些都是杜撰的。SectionⅢTranslation【版本一】最近，“承受力”成了一个流行词，但对TedNing来说，他对其含义有自己亲身的体会。在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后，他清楚的认识到，旨在提高承受力的价值观只有通过每日的行为和抉择才能得到体现。Ning回忆起九十年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后，他急需找到一份工作，因此就与Boulder公司签了约。但情况并不顺利。“这的确是糟糕的一步，因为它激不起我的工作热情，”Ning说。不出所料，工作上的进退维谷造成他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，愁肠百结，常常在半夜惊醒，望着天花板发愣。我身无分文，需要这份工作。大家都说，‘等等看，过一段时间情况会好转的。’”【版本二】“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：“那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情，”可以预料，他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板，我没钱，我需要工作，每个人都说‘等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。’”SectionⅣWritingPartA Dearxxx,IwouldliketoconveymyheartfeltthankstoyouforyourkindnesstoreceivemewhenIparticipatedinanexchangeprograminUSA.YourgeneroushelpmadeitpossiblethatIhadaverypleasantstayandachancetoknowAmericanculturesbetter.Besides,IthinkitisanhonorformetomakefriendswithyouandIwillcherishthegoodwillyoushowedtomewhereverIgo.IdohopethatyouwillvisitChinaoneday,sothatIcouldhavetheopportunitytorepayyourkindnessandrefreshourfriendship.Ifeelobligedtothankyouagain.Sincerelyyours,ZhangWeiPartBInthischart,wecanseethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopedcountrieshaveasteadyandslightincreasefrom1990to2007andthenremainconstantin2008.Meanwhilethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopingcountrieshavewitnessedaslowincreasefrom1990to2004andthenagreatsurgefrom2004to20007:thebiggestsurgehappensfrom2005to2006.Thischartreflectsdifferentdevelopingmodesofmobilephoneindustryindevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Thedevelopedcountrieshavealimitednumberofpopulations,mostofwhomarewell-educated.Therefore,thespreadingofthemobilephoneserviceisefficientandsoonthemarketissaturated.Alsoatthebeginningthedevelopedcountrieshavemorepeoplewhocanaffordthisservice.Thedevelopingcountrieshavealargepopulationwhokeepsalargedemandformobileservice.Asthemobilephoneservicebecomescheaperandcheaper,theincreasingcustomerssubscribetobenefitfromthisservice.Asdiscussedabove,itisnotsurprisingtoseethischange.Inmyopinion,thistrendthatthenumberofmobile-phonesubscriptionsisincreasinglyincreasingwillcontinueforawhileinthefuture.2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案1~5ACBDD6~10BACCB11~15DBACA16~20ADACDTEXT1参考答案21．A。细节题：原文第1段，倒数第3行的howcould…?直接提到了bonuspayouts就是说profits。22．C。细节题：原文中出现outsidedirectors有几处，helpfulbutlessbiasedadvisor，但是B选项用的是executive,拼凑答案，D选项也是一样。最后一句weatheredtheirowncrises对应forecasters。23．C。细节题：原文是若干个并列，stockislikelytoperformworse对应答案，迷惑选项是B，但是主语不一致20%是probability不是earnings。24．A。推理题：原文对应firmswhowantto…..说想留住outsidedirector就是增加incentive。25．B。态度题：文章各个段落都说outsidedirector的方面。因此是positive。TEXT2参考答案26．D。定义题：根据上下文猜句子的含义，后句American……..savenewspaper中出现了save说明前面的观点一定是不好的才save，因此选D。27．B．推理题：定位处前一句是readersarepayingmoreforslimmernewspaper.因此说明人们多付钱，报纸很薄，节约成本，定位处有even 表示并列，说明前后的原因一致都是成本问题。28．C。推理题：日本美国原文用了对比的方法说广告占得比例不一样，因此问题是广告收入来源。29.D。推理题：A选项中有essential,文章中是说distinctiveness重要而非必要，有问题，D选项是文章中carsandfilmreviewershavegone.说明由于报纸没有吸引力而失去读者。30．A。主旨题：文章分析美国报纸出现的问题，说明要挽救。TEXT3参考答案31．C。细节题：原文restraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidence对应。32．D。推理题：定位是Bauhaus，对应选项与原文，只有D对。33．C。细节题：原文elegancedidnotderivefromabundance。34．D。细节题：原文But后有thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractart。35．B。推理题：原文Aestheticeffectcameformthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing。TEXT4参考答案36．B。推理题：第一段But后说cheerleader觉得EU有debt，decline和lowergrowth。37．D。推理题：三段论德法对欧元区和谐上达成一致但如何和谐有分歧。38．B。细节题：原文对应bystricterruleson….。39．A。推理题：原文对应asystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobonds.40．D。态度题：文章最后总结认为EU是world’slargesttradingblock.最后一句itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign都是说EU正面的信息。PartB参考答案41．E。原文第6段第2行：manufacturer of crisps…. Play acentral role in the Change4life….42．D。原文第7段全部。43．B。原文第6段第5行Jamie Oliver处。44．B。原文第10段：imposefast-food-free zone。45．G。原文第11段全部。SectionⅢTranslation从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担。小作文参考答案DearLiMing,  　WeareveryhappytoknowthatyouhavesuccessfullypassedthecollegeentranceexaminationthisyearandhavebeenadmittedintoPekingUniversity.Allowustogiveourmostsincerecongratulations onthisexcitingoccasion.  　Youhaveallalongbeenworkinghardatyourprofessionalstudies,andyouareexcellentinmostsubjects.Yoursuccessshowsthatonlyhardworkcanyieldgoodresults，soIsuggestthatyoushouldmakeagreatprogressinuniversitylife. 　Wetakethisopportunitytoexpressourbestwishestoyou.Wishyougreaterachievementsinyourcollegeeducation.  　　Yourssincerely,ZhangWei  大作文参考答案Asisshowninthebarchartabove,dramaticchangeshavetakenplaceintheautosmarketshareswithintwoyears(from2008to2009).Themostobviouschangewasthemarketshareofnationalbrand,whichhadincreasednearlyby10%,whileJapan’sautosmarketsharedecreasedroughlyby10%.ThepercentageoftheUSautosremainedstablebetween2008and2009.TherearenumerousreasonsaccountingforthephenomenonandIwouldliketoexploreafewofthemostimportantoneshere.Aboveall,asthedevelopmentoftechniqueandknowledgeinnativecompanies,agrowingnumberofautoscorporationdevelopedmanyqualityautos.Therefore,thenationalpeoplechangedtheattitudetothenativebrandsandacknowledgethem.What’more,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpeoplehavebeenaffectedbythecountrypatriotismideology,partlyowingtosomeactionsofJapantriggeringtheemotionofpeople.Finally,ToyotabrakeerroraccidentssignificantlyaffectsJapaneseautos’reputationsandimages.SafetyconcernsdrovecustomersawayfromJapaneseproducts.Additionally,FuelpricedroveconsumersawayfromthoseAmericanpetroldiggingandluxuryautos.Soitisnotdifficulttoobservetheirsteadyperformance.Basedonwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayreasonablyconcludethatthetendencydescribedingraphicwillcontinueforquitealongtime.Hopefully,governmentcouldoffermorefriendlypoliciestoChinaautosmanufacturerstoencouragequalityimprovementandtechnologyinnovation.2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案完形填空：1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21.A 22.C  23.A  24.B  25.D  TEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE1．【答案】B 【解析】从空后的句子“他们解放的人们” 可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。只有serve有“服兵役”的意思，所以选B。其他都不符合题意。 2．【答案】B【解析】空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后面的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（commonman）成长为英雄，所以选B。 3．【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，承担战争带来的负担，应该用动词bear或shoulder，所以这里选A，bore。 4．【答案】A【解析】necessities表示“生活必需品”，空外信息food和shelter（食物和住宿）这些就是维持生存最起码的条件。Facilities是设备设施，commodities商品，properties财产，均不符合题意。 5．【答案】C【解析】not…but，“不是，而是”表转折，不是自愿兵，也没有高的报酬，而是一个普通人。所以选C。 6．【答案】D【解析】这道题主要考查介词的搭配。根据up______(thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutal).enemies可以知道是起来反抗敌人，所以选D选项against。 7．【答案】C【解析】GI.在军事上是GovernmentIssue的缩略语，所以，GL.这个符号就是象征着这个全称GovernmentIssue。选C。 8．【答案】A【解析】该句意思为，GI.这个符号出现在给士兵分发的所有物品上，handout“分发，发放”符合题意。Turnover“移交”，bringback“带回”，passdown“传承，一代一代传下来”在句意上都说不通。 9．【答案】C【解析】空所在句子的语境为：Joe是个普通名词，一个从未爬到社会顶层的人的名字。Manage表示再怎么经过努力，最终也未获得成功，所以选C。 10．【答案】B【解析】结合第9题的分析可知，空所在句子实际上是进一步举例说明Joe没有取得大的成就：从来都不曾出现叫做Joe的总统、副总统、国务卿。根据句意只能选never，B。 11.【答案】D【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在的语境为:GI.Joe有_ _的军旅生涯，曾和德国，美国以及韩国的军队作战。由此语境确定选D，其他几项均不符合题意。12．【答案】B【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在语境为：他身上体现着美国人的某些特色，或身上结合了美国人的诸多特性。结合语境，可知作者想表达在他身上有很多美国人的典型特色，因而选B。 13．【答案】C【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在语境为：Pyle_ _ 的士兵也本色出演了该片。结合上句对ErniePyle的介绍，可知为一战地记者（warcorrespondent），确定答案C。 14．【答案】D【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在语境为：Pyle擅长报导战争的_ _面，报导这些浑身是尘土，积雪以及泥浆的士兵。Pyle报导重在士兵而非战争上，因而可确定他关注的应更多的是人性。所以选D。15．【答案】D【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。本题承接上题,表达:Pyle并不关注士兵行军多少里,或是占领或解放了多少地方。Gain有推进(一段)距离的意思,故选D。 16．【答案】A【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在语境为：他的报导与BillMaulden的是_____的。紧接的一句话揭示了本题的答案，两者都（Bothmen）。由此可确定两人的报导应是类似的。因而，选A。“counteracted”表示“抵制,中和,对抗 ”，duplicated表示“ 复制,重复”，“contradicted”表示“反驳，与...矛盾”。 17．【答案】C【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。空所在语境为：两者都_ 战争的丑恶，以及所带来的损耗。”由上题可知道，Pyle更加注重战争中的士兵，因而他不可能是忽略（neglected），避免（avoided）或是钦佩（admired）战争所带来的这一些负面的东西，因而本题选C。 18．【答案】B【解析】本题由冒号后多表达的咖啡，香烟，威士忌，住的地方，还睡觉的地方，有好的觉可以睡与前面所说的前面dirt,exhaustionofwar形成鲜明的对比。故选B 19．【答案】B【解析】本题考察介词的用法。空所在语境为：_ 印度，法国，以及其他国家，G.I.Joe可以是任何美国士兵。结合文章表达，应是对于这些人而言。因而，确定答案B。  20．【答案】D【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。空所在语境为：G.I.Joe是他们生命中最重要的人。原题四个选项分别表示onthecontrary“ 正相反”； [B]bythismeans“用这种方式”；[C]fromtheoutset“从一开始”；[D]atthatpoint表示“就那点（方面）来说”。D为最佳答案。  SectionII ReadingComprehensionPartAText121．【答案】A 【解析】文章首段首句指出“家庭作业一直不受学生，还有许多家长的欢迎，特别是到了最近几年，家庭作业还遭到了人们的不屑。”后面的内容则是简单提出美国各学区对于家庭作业的作为，引出L.A.Unified针对家庭作业所指定的政策。该题题干问的是“根据文章首段，目前家庭作业…”，关键词是家庭作业，因此答案从首句就能判断出来，题干的nowadays对应原文中的inrecentyears，所选答案则是对“ithasbeenparticularlyscorned.”的同义改写，故答案选A。 22．【答案】C 【解析】文章第二段首句明确说到“这项政策的制定是为了解决贫困家庭的学生在完成家庭作业中可能遇到的困难。”这与题干所问“制定该政策的主要原因”以及“贫困学生”就对应起来了，故答案选C。 23．【答案】A 【解析】文章第三段第二句指出，“如果家庭作业仅占分值的10%,学生很容易少做一半的家庭作业，在他们的成绩单上也不会有什么差别。”“家庭作业仅占分值10%”这是L.A.Unified制定出的家庭作业政策的内容，因此，从这句话可以看出有了这项政策，既然成绩单上不会有区别，学生就会选择少做一半的家庭作业，这个意思对应选项为A。 24．【答案】B 【解析】题干关键词“akeyquestionunanswered”对应第四段的首句“thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.”而这个问题的具体内容则是从“if”开始说明，因此这道题要解出正确答案，需要对后面的内容进行分析，“如果学区认为家庭作业对应学生的学业不重要，学区应致力于减少或者删除家庭作业，使家庭作业不起任何作用；相反，如果家庭作业重要，它应该在学业中占重要的一部分。”从这两句的内容中，我们可以简单归纳出，L.A.Unified所指定的这项政策到目前为止还未对家庭作业对于学生学业是否有重要作用给出确定答案，故答案选B。 25．【答案】D 【解析】这篇文章开篇指出家庭作业的弊病，随即提出美国各学区对此做出的努力，以L.A.Unified所指定的政策为例，说明这项政策在各方面的作为，如第三段末尾说“Thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule”,第四段首句说“这项政策并未解决任何关于家庭作业的棘手问题”，看出作者对于这项政策实际是持否定态度的，因此答案B可以排除；而C选项说的是“关于家庭作业的棘手问题”，文章中虽然提到这个“棘手问题”，但并非主要阐述，最终落脚点还是在关于家庭作业的政策上面，因此C选项排除；A选项的错误在于“错误解读”，文章是对政策进行客观解读，错误的是政策本身，而非解读。D选项考生可能不选的原因在于对“approach”一词的内涵意义不够理解，approach一词本意是接近，靠近，方法，它引申出来就是策略的意思，与文章中的policy内涵一致，故答案D为正确选项。 Text226．【答案】A 【解析】题干的意思是“通过说‘粉色是彩虹中多么微小的一小部分’，作者的意思是       。根据文章第一段第三行,but作为连词表示后面的内容是对前面内容的否定，but之前的意思是说“ 粉色本身并不是不好”，而后买面的“suchatinysliceof”是指“是彩虹中多么微小的一部分”，由此可以得出，粉色并不代表女孩童年生活的全部。所以，选A.27．【答案】B 【解析】题干是要根据文章第二段，判断哪个是对颜色理解正确的选项。根据文章第二段第一句话，前半部分是说“女孩对于粉色的关注看起来好像是不可避免的，不知怎么的，就跟存在与她们的基因里一样”，but之后是对前者的否定，所以很明显，A项是错误的。根据第二段的第7行，pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,可以得出，C选项错误。对于D选项，根据第二段第4、5行，可以得知，儿童穿白色是属于以前的情况，并非现在的事实，而D选项的时态是指一般现在时，时态不符合。根据文章8行，9行，可以得知，bluesymbolisedfemininity,可以得知，蓝色曾经被认为是女孩子的颜色，符合文章题意。所以，选B.28．【答案】A 【解析】题干“作者认为我们对于儿童心理发展的看法，多受____的影响。”从原文第三段的首句“我之前没有意识到，我们对孩子们所固有特性的认知深受市场趋势的支配，包括我们对他们心理发展的核心看法”，这一句可以明显看出相关儿童市场及其产品在左右人们对二年同心理发展的看法上所起的重要作用。而Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ均曲解了原文的意思，故本题正确答案为Ａ29．【答案】C 【解析】题干“从第４段我们可以看出，给出商店的建议是＿＿＿”　选项Ａ“关注婴儿和稍大一些的孩子的衣服”，回顾原文，第４段第１句话讲的是“为了增加销路，厂家应该开创在婴儿衣服和稍大一些的孩子衣服之前的一些商机”，而并没说是要“关注两者的衣服”，故Ａ错误；Ｂ“把不同性别放在同等重要的地位”，此说法原文中并未提及，原文第４段只是在最后一句说道“分割市场最简便的方法之一就是来扩大性别之间的差异性”，故Ｂ错误；Ｄ“创造一些购买者的术语”，作者只是举出了一个“购买术语”的例子，但这不是作者的建议，真正是的建议是Ｃ，故Ｃ为正确答案。30．【答案】C 【解析】题干“我们能推断出，女孩们对粉色的着迷看起来是＿＿＿”文章最后两段都在探讨市场和厂家对人们看法和观念的诱导，因此Ｃ选项正合题意，其他选项都不正确。 Text331．【答案】C              【解析】文章首段首句提到“In2010,afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.”,即2010年，联邦的一项决定震惊了美国的生物科技产业。后面接着提到，这项决定是“geneswereunpatentable”,意思是与基因相关的项目不能够获得专利权，而“executiveswereviolentlyagitated”,由agitated(愤怒的)可以推断出正确答案为C，即生物科技产业希望与基因相关的项目能够获得专利权。 32．【答案】C                  【解析】文章第三段提到了反对基因相关的项目能够获得专利权的三个理由。第一个是，基因是自然的产品；第二个是，基因获得专利会压制创新；第三个是，基因专利的垄断会限制基因测试。故正确答案为C，即反对者们会认为与基因相关的专利应该更多的依赖于创新。答案A文中没有提及，答案D与反对者的第二个理由相一致，答案B属于过渡推断。 33．【答案】A        【解析】文章第五段中提到“Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug'sefficacy”,即各大公司目前正在研究基因之间的相互作用，寻找它们之间的相关性,从而通过这些相关性推断疾病产生的原因或预测药物的有效性。而HansSauer解释到各大公司渴望赢得专利权的原因是“connectingthedots”,这与上句话提到的“疾病之间的相互作用和相互联系” 相呼应，故而选A。答案B属于偷换概念；答案C和D在文中没有提到。 34．【答案】C                【解析】文章最后一段提到了BIO最近要召开的一个会议。“Eachmeetingwaspacked”,这句话中的“packed”的原义为“打包，包装”，而在此句中的意思是：挤满，塞满。即会议挤满了人，从而反映了大家对基因专利的关注，故真确答案为C。答案A与题干无关；答案B属于主观臆断；答案D是干扰项，训练律师只是这次大会的一部分内容，以偏概全。 35．【答案】D                【解析】从整体上看，作者不仅提到了希望获得基因专利全的生物科技产业为此所作出的努力，同时也提到了反对者反对的理由，文章第四段进一步提到了基因获得专利过程中遇到的实际问题。故而，作者多基因专业的态度是客观的，即答案D。  Text436．【答案】D 【解析】题目定位在段首句。所以应该是整段意思的概括。第二句说，失业虽然很痛苦，但也从很多方面带来好处。冒号后面具体说他们从观念上，生活方式上发生了改变。所以选择D。A、B均为无关选项，C选项中说makeprofit,是侧重指获得经济利益，所以与原文不符。37．【答案】D 【解析】第二句冒号后面：他们不再那么追求物质，经济上更节俭；同时意识到其他人在努力奋斗，即D选项中reconsidertheirlifestyle,重新审视他们的生活方式。A项有干扰性，但文中说“将我们从梦想中唤醒”，所以不对。B、C没有提到。38．【答案】B 【解析】定位在第三段第二句开始。接下来一句通过关键词mean-spiritedandlessinclusive，B选项正是该句的改写，故为正确答案；A属于过度推理；C、D意思明显弄反了39．【答案】D 【解析】定位在第四段第三句冒号后面：高等学府的毕业生能够很快调整自身，达到未遭遇危机时的状态。D选项与之含义相符。C明显不对，“notallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed”表明，不是所有的毕业生都认为前途渺茫。B项无中生有。A与原文相反。40．【答案】A 【解析】由最后一句可知，“theycertainlywillreshapeit”表示困难时期的一定会对社会产生影响的，所以certain与之相符。由最后一段无法看出是positive还是destructive,所以B、D均不正确。A项是“无足轻重的”，明显不对。 PartB41．【答案】A 【解析】本题答案锁定在第三自然段，第二行讲到“Petrarchbegan...highlightingthevirtueofclassicalheroes”即彼特拉克在他的书中强调古典英雄的美德。答案A与此是完全对应的。42．【答案】D 【解析】此题定位于第三自然段第五行，重点理解词组“turnonitshead”,意思为“tochangesthcompletely”,所以说尼可洛，马基雅维利的观点与彼特拉克的观点是相反的，开启了了解历史伟人的新局面。43．【答案】G 【解析】此题定位于第四自然段的第四行，“Self-helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplorers”,塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯在他的书《成事在己》里面讲到了工程师，实业家，探险家的有意义的生活，G与此是对应的44．【答案】C  【解析】此题定位于第五自然段第三行，“theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate”,托马斯，卡莱尔描述了一些穿越苦难的划时代的人物。C对应了此答案。45．【答案】E 【解析】此题定位于第六自然段第五行，“historyshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle”,答案E与此句是完全对应的。SectionIIITranslation46．【参考译文】发展中国家的人们为移民忧虑时，他们通常担忧的是离开自己国家去去硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学的最优秀、最聪明的群体的前景。这些劳动者正是像英国、加拿大、澳大利亚这样的国家通过赋予受过大学教育者以特权的移民法想要吸引的人群。很多研究发现，来自发展中国家的那些受到良好教育的人们极有可能选择移居他国。2004年对印度家庭开展了一项广泛的调查，结果显示约40%的移民受过高中以上的教育。相比而言，在所有年龄超过25岁的印度人中，受过高中以上教育的人数比例只有约3.3%。“人才流失”一直困扰着贫穷国家的政策制定者们。他们担心这会对本国的经济造成损害，造成国家急需的技工的流失。这些技术人员可能曾在他们的大学教学，也可能曾在他们的医院工作，或者曾经构想出智能化的新产品让他们的工厂去生产。   【解析】今年翻译话题是贫穷国家的人才流失问题，话题内容比较好理解，从而在很大程度上降低了翻译的难度。但还是有几个地方有的同学可能会比较困惑。1）文章第一句的主句需要我们去认真思考下。“theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld”这句话中concernat的宾语是prospect。看到“of”我们要立即想到“AofB”翻译为“B的A”在这里，A指的就是“prospect”，关键就是找出B指代的是什么。而这一点恰恰是本句理解的难点B指的是“theirbestandbrightest”翻译为“他们中最优秀、最聪明的（群体）”。2） 第一段第二句话关键在于对两个that引导的从句的理解。第一个that从句作定语修饰workers，第二个that作定语修饰rules。这里是考研英语中经常出现的一个考点：从句的嵌套。对于这样的句子我们的关键在于准确找到先行词，根据一个句子如果有N个连词就必定有N+1个动词的原则来切分开长句。3）“braindrain”这个词组是在报刊杂志中经常出现的，意思是“人才流失”。这个词语通过上下文逻辑应该能大概猜出它的意思，但是在考研考场上，尤其是在完成了阅读和作文后很多同学可能已经耗费了大量的体力和脑力，对于这个单词的猜测可能会很费力，甚至会放弃。这个说明我们再平时的学习过程中应该注意积累这样的热点词汇。4）“Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswho”对于这个句子的理解关键在于对于“depriving”之后成分在句子结构中作用的理解。Deprive本意是剥夺，在这里很显然不适合直译。我们根据逻辑关系可以翻译为“技工的流失”。“clever”这个单词很简单，同学们都认识，在这里翻译为“聪明的”很显然说不通，clever除了“聪明的”还有“精巧”之意，再结合这里说的是技术工人的重要性，我们可以翻译为“智能的”翻译：46.【参考译文】发展中国家的人们为移民忧虑时，他们通常担忧的是离开自己国家去去硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学的最优秀、最聪明的群体的前景。这些劳动者正是像英国、加拿大、澳大利亚这样的国家通过赋予受过大学教育者以特权的移民法想要吸引的人群。很多研究发现，来自发展中国家的那些受到良好教育的人们极有可能选择移居他国。2004年对印度家庭开展了一项广泛的调查，结果显示约40%的移民受过高中以上的教育。相比而言，在所有年龄超过25 岁的印度人中，受过高中以上教育的人数比例只有约3.3%。“人才流失”一直困扰着贫穷国家的政策制定者们。他们担心这会对本国的经济造成损害，造成国家急需的技工的流失。这些技术人员可能曾在他们的大学教学，也可能曾在他们的医院工作，或者曾经构想出智能化的新产品让他们的工厂去生产。小作文范文：DearSirorMadame,Asoneofyourregularcustomers,Iamwritingtocomplainaboutthepoorqualityoftheelectricdictionarypurchasedinyouron-linestorethatenjoysyearsofreputation。　ThedictionaryisreallyofgreatimportanceintheprocessofmyEnglishlearning.Unfortunately,Ifoundthatthereareseveralproblems.Tobeginwith,thedictionaryoperatedwellatfirst,buttenyearslateritbegantomakealotofnoisewhenopened.Inaddition,someofthekeysonthekeyboarddonotwork.Istronglyrequestthatyoucaneithersendmeanewoneorrefundmemymoneyinfull。　Ireallyappreciateallyourassistanceinthismatter.Ifyouhaveanyproblem,don'thesitatetocontactme.Iamlookingforwardtoyourreplyatyourearliestconvenience。　Yourstruly,ZhangWei大作文范文：　　Thetableabovegivestheinformationaboutthesurveyofemploymentsatisfactioninacompany.Aftercarefullystudyingthedetainthetable,wemaysafelyconcludethatthepercentageofpeopleunder40whoholdunclearordiscontentfeelingwiththeirjobsarerespectively50%and33.3%.64%ofthosebetween40to50arenotsatisfiedandnoonefeelsatisfiedatallwhilethedegreeofsatisfaction,forpeopleover50,largelyexceedstheothergroups,amountingto40%。　　Agreatmanyreasonsmighthavecontributedtothedifferences,andhereIwouldliketolaystressonthefollowingtworeasons.First,owingtotheenormouspressurefromsupportingthefamily,theenjoymentinworkformiddle-agedpeoplehasobviouslydecreased.Inaddition,sincetheseniorshavedevelopedalotinpersonalitythroughthepreviousworkingexperience,theycankeepapositiveattitudeandseetheoptimisticrespectsofthework。Takingalltheaboveanalysisintoconsideration,wecansafelyreachaconclusionthattheseniorshavemoresatisfactionandenjoymentintheworkthantheyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleunder50. 2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案完形填空1.[标准答案][A]　　[考点分析]本题考察逻辑关系　　[选项分析]因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为”atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.”（一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现），而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。B.moreover表递进C.therefore表结果D.Otherwise表对比　　2.[标准答案][D]　　[考点分析]上下文语义 　　[选项分析]根据该句的but可知，其前后句子是转折关系。后一句是说这种形式的社会并没有真正有成果出来，所以前一句应该为这样的预测已经进行了二十年。其它选项不符合题意。　　3.[标准答案][B]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及名词辨析　　[选项分析]该句意思为，1975年的《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段“将很快彻底改变货币本身的____”。四个选项中，A.为力量C“历史”D“角色”，语义不正确，且如果选择role的话，应该是复数roles,因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。　　4.[标准答案][D]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及动词词义辨析　　[选项分析]根据only知道，空格处所填单词词义应与前一句的”revolutionize”（变革）发生同义替换，因此ABCD四个选项中只有D.reverse（颠覆）符合。A.reward奖赏B.resist抵抗C.resume重新开始，继续。　　5.[标准答案][C]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及形容词词义辨析　　[选项分析]根据上文得知，早在1975年就预测了无现金社会可能即将到来，而作者谈到实际上“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，因此这种无现金社会只可能缓慢到来，故答案选择C。A.silent沉寂的，B.sudden突然的，D.steady平稳的。　　6．[标准答案][B]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及介词词义辨析　　[选项分析]填空所在段开头although表明对上一段的让步关系，上一段的观点为人们进入无现金时代的速度变缓慢的原因。因此这一段应该是说明尽管电子支付可能比纸币支付方式更方便更高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因，只有Bworkagainst违背、妨碍，符合题意。A.workfor为…而工作C.workwith与…共事，对…起作用D.workon从事…工作，对…起作用，都不合适。　　7.[标准答案][B]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及形容词词义辨析　　[选项分析]本填空所在句为对纸币支付“不会”消失原因的解释，即推广电子支付方式不利之处。所以该题选项先排除productive富有成效的。而imaginative，意思是“虚构的、富于想象力的”；sensitive，意思是“敏感的、易受伤害的”均不符合语义，只能选择消极含义的选项expensive。　　8．[标准答案][D]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及形容词词义辨析　　[选项分析]空格所在句译为...使得电子货币成为____支付方式，将四个选项带入，C,D是比较恰当的，再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的D选项。A.similar相似的B.original原始的，独创的,都不合适。　　9．[标准答案][B]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及名词词义辨析　　[选项分析]纸质支票支付拥有能够____收据的优势，而客户一般都不愿____。收据当然是由银行开具，所以只能选择provide。A.collect收集收据，C.copy复印收据，D.print打印收据都和实际生活不符合。　　10．[标准答案][A]　　[考点分析]上下文语义及固定搭配　　[选项分析]该动词短语的宾语是前文的something,指代上文的advantage，纸质支票支付能够提供收据这一优势，肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。和优势相搭配的动词短语不能是B.takeover接管，也不能是C.bringback拿回来，D.passdown传递、遗传也不符合。A.giveup放弃一种优势，符合语境，为正确答案。　　11．[标准答案]A　　[考点分析]上下文逻辑关系　　[选项分析]本句是来解释“float”的。空格前面意为“需要花几天”后半句意为纸支票兑现。上文提到讲纸支票的兑现不像是电子支票，是不会马上完成的，所以在纸支票在兑现前要是需要时间的。Abefore “在。。。之前”。Bafter“在。。。之后”。Csince“自从”。Dwhen“当。。。的时候”。结合上下文意思，很明显只有A符合语境。　　12.[标准答案]D　　[考点分析]上下文语义及动词词义辨析　　[选项分析]从“and”一词可以看出此题与此11题紧密相连，若能正确理解上一题，此处就很容易选出。意思是在纸支票兑现及钱从帐户取出之前，Akept“保持”。Bborrowed“借”。Creleased“释放，发布”。Dwithdraw“取钱”。所以结合上下文可以得出只有D项符合语境。　　13．[标准答案]C　　[考点分析]上下文逻辑关系　　[选项分析]前句子含义是电子支票是及时的，后半句含义是用户不能享有“浮动”带来有好处。可以看出整句话是一个因为关系。A.Unless“除非”。B.Until“直到。。。才”。C.Because“因为”。D.Though“然而”。根据上下文含义，应选C.　　14．[标准答案]C　　[考点分析]上下文语义及动词词义辨析　　[选项分析]此处是一个短句，明显缺少一个谓语动词，通过最后一个单词concerns可以看出本句的含义是电子支付方式引发安全及隐私的问题。四个选项中只有raise和concerns搭配时符合文意。所以选C。　　15.[标准答案]C　　[考点分析]后置定语　　[选项分析]存储信息是通常有固定的动词store。所以选C。　　16.[标准答案]C　　[考点分析]上下文语义及动词词义辨析　　[选项分析]上文提出电子支票的坏处，本句话意思是“因为这种事情经常发生”，所以形容意思应为普遍的，但因为本句用的双重否定表肯定，所以选填词汇意思应为不普遍的。结合选项Aunsafe“不安全”。Bunnatural“不自然的”。Cuncommon“不是普遍的”D　　unclear“不清楚的”。所以只有C项符合本句话意思。　　17.[标准答案]A　　[考点分析]上下文语义及动词义辨析　　[选项分析]本句话是讲电子支票的存在的风险，含义是那些不道德的人就可能通过转移帐户从而偷取别人的存款。动词应为贬义，可以排除[B][C][D]选项。故选[A]。　　18.[标准答案]B　　[考点分析]上下文语义及名词义辨析　　[选项分析]上文提出电子支票的风险，本句话提出解决办法，但是防止此类诈骗不是容易的事。结合选项Aconsideration“考虑”。Bprevetion“阻止，防止”。Cmanipulation“操纵”Djusitification“理由，辩护”。结合语境只有B符合。　　19.[标准答案]A　　[考点分析]动词固定搭配　　[选项分析]根据上下文应该选一个“应对”安全问题含义的动词词组，所以可以排除C项和D项，B是“对抗，反抗”，A是“处理应对”，所以A项是最佳答案。　　20.[标准答案]D　　[选项分析]上下文语义及名词词义辨析　　[考点分析]本句提出电子支票的另一个风险，电子支票可追踪包括大量有关个人购物习惯的信息。根据文意可以排除A项和B项，Cpath“小路，道路,强调路径。Dtrail“痕迹，踪迹”，符合上下文，所以选D。阅读理解TEXT121．标准答案：A 　　考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力，解题的关键在于定位和辨别细节信息。　　选项分析：根据题干提示信息，我们定位到文章第一段的最后两句“…amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.”，说如自动化的纺织厂，他们只需要两个员工“一个人外加一条狗。人是负责喂狗的，狗是让人不要靠近机器的。”近年来考研阅读常常用故事或是笑话引出文章所要谈论的主题。因此，我们再继续看第二段内容。第二段引出文章话题：全球化和信息科技革命进步是造成失业率居高不下、中产阶级收入下降的主要原因。因此选择答案A。选项B为就业压力的缓解，与本文谈论话题向左；选项C现代纺织厂规模的缩减，望文生义；选项D中产阶级收入的减少，不是文章谈论的重点，文章重在谈论造成中产阶级收入的减少的原因。　　22.标准答案：D　　考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力，解题的关键在于定位和辨别细节信息。　　选项分析：根据题干提示信息，我们定位到文章第三段的倒数第二句“Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment”，“因此，人人都需要有另外的价值：异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。”standout与题干中的successful同义复现，题干中问我们为了成为成功的雇员，他必须怎么做。答案D中的contributesomethingunique是对theiruniquevaluecontribution的同义改写，因此，答案选择D。其他三个选项均与文章内容不相符合。选项A，workoncheapsoftware继续生产廉价的软件；选项B，askforamoderatesalary索要适当的薪水；选项C，adoptanaveragelifestyle选择一般的生活方式。　　23.标准答案：B　　考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的定位和理解能力。此类题目的解题关键在于根据题干信息定位，本题的“Paragraph4”，“quotation”即为定位信息。　　选项分析：根据第四段引用的Davidson的原话，“2009年之前的十年内，美国工厂裁撤工人速度之快，基本上等于过去70年新增的工人数量；大概每三个工作岗位就有一个岗位消失了，总共约有600万之多。”可知引用这段话的主题为裁员，且速度很快，这符合B项工作机会急速消失，故此项为正确答案。AC两项文章中没有提到，D项和B项互为相反项，结合文章来看工作机会在消失而不是出现了新的工作机会，故D项错误。　　24.标准答案：B　　考点分析：此题考查考生对文章的细节信息的把握能力，关键在于定位和对文章的理解。　　选项分析：根据题干信息提示“unemployment”，结合自然段定位法，我们不难定位到文章倒数第二段最后一句“Herearethelatestunemploymentratesfrom…”下面是美国劳工局对美国25岁以上人群的最新失业率统计：高中学历都没有的失业率为13.8%；有高中学历，但没有大学学历的为8.7%；有大学或大专学历的为7.7%；有学士甚至更高学位的只有4.1%。从这句话可知失业率主要和员工的受教育程度相关。因此如果想要减少失业率，最重要的应该是选项B“确保更多的人受到教育”。ACD项均和文章不符。　　25.标准答案：C　　考点分析：本题考核的知识点是全文主旨。可以根据文章中的主要内容作答，亦可以根据以上题目的共同焦点作答。选项分析：文章第一段通过一个笑话指出现代化社会技术的进步程度，使得劳动力大大减少。其余各段进一步论证了失业率的增加，因此一个追求平庸的时代已经结束了，人们需要提高自身教育水平，才能够保证不被淘汰。最后一段第一句话再次强调说平庸时代已经正式结束了。因此选项C为最恰当的标题。A项“新的法律要实施”仅在最后一段提到一句，不能涵盖文章主旨。B项“科技走向廉价”不符合文意。D项“经济衰退有害”与文章无关。TEXT226．【答案】C（stayinaforeigntemporarily）　　【解析】词汇题。根据题干关键词定位，定位到第一段最后一句。在這句中，Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,“uccellidipassaggio,”birdsofpassage.，they这个代词承前指代，指四分之一的意大利移民。有些人要再美国定居（permanenthome），但是一些人只是在美国暂时居住,要回国（hadnointentionto stay）.一定要注意理解这个倒装结构:Alongwith….camethosewho……,那些没有要回国的是我们要强调的。通过这句我们能选择出C选项。这A项只是说一世纪前的横跨大西洋的移民们，没有说birdsofpassage来自于哪里。B项虽然有forgood但是与原文意思相反。原文是移民们会永远的回到意大利，而不是选项当中的离开自己的祖国。D项文中首段并未提及。　　27．【答案】C（shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges）　　【解析】推理题。题干要求在第二段。原文“Wedon’tneedmorecategories”可以排除A选项。文章“Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.”我们目前有更加严格的对待移民以及“Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.”我们需要超越这种合法和不合法的严格定义。就知道目前是很严格的。我们还没有选项中的“hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants.”对移民的放松控制。B项排除。文章也并没有说这个制度被政治方式所修复。政治确实出现在文章中，但是只是说“thelongpoliticalparalysis”长期的政治麻痹与原文不符。故排除。“Tostart…Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.”首先承认这些短暂移民的存在，然后解决移民的挑战。是C选项的同义替换。　　28．【答案】D（thefreedomtostayandleave）　　【解析】细节题。根据关键词定位，可定位到第三段。“Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.”他们喜欢随着机会的来临，来去都自如。他们可以在一地工作，也可以再另外的地方成家。强调的是机会和来去自如。D项是这句的同义替换。A项是对原文的片面理解。“Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas”不仅仅是来自金钱的刺激（financialincentives），还有有工作和各种理念。B在文中未提及。文中只是说道“globaleconomy”，没有提“globalrecognition”，C项中的regularjobs（一般工作）在文中未提及，也是对文意的曲解。　　29．【答案】C（withlegaltolerance）　　【解析】推理题。根据题干，可定位到第五段。题干问到“根据作者，这些短暂移民者应该以何种方式被对待”“Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem”意思是“我们应该超越移民合法性方面的文化之争，重现看待中间地带，充分意识到当今的移民管理体系需要各种途径，从而取得多样化的结果，来解决现今移民体系下用法律手段很难解决的问题”暗含了C项中tolerance也就是对“multiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes”的改写。A、B和D项在文中未提及。　　30．【答案】D（legalorillegal:bigmistake）【解析】主旨大意题。文章第二段第二句中提到“Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal” “我们把新移民分为2类：合法和不合法移民.”同时作者认为“Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal，”“我们不需要合法和不合法移民这样严格的定义”这说明这种分类是错误的。另外，文章最后一段最后一句“Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.”“包括在现行移民体系中不容易合法的实现一些事情”也反映了文章的中心。也就是说合法和不合法的分类是错误的。故选D。A项说短暂移民们的移动是个错误。没有体现文章主旨。B和C项都说是risk（风险）跟文章无关。TEXT331．【答案】[D]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment　　【解析】细节题。题干问的是“作决定过程中所需的时间或许可以_____”。文章第一段提到“如果我们在做出反应之前花点儿时间来思考，那么将会减少甚至消除我们快速反应所带来的负面影响”，也就是说我们做决定所花的时间决定了我们判断的准确性。此外，此选项中的“accuracy”为“accurately”的同词异形，故此项为正确答案。选项A表达“依形势紧急性而定”错在无中生有﹔选项B“証明大脑反映的复杂性”，也是无中生有﹔选项C“取决于评估的重要性”，也与原文不符合，故排除。　　32．【答案】[A]canbeassociative　　【解析】细节题。题干问的是“我们对于快餐商标的反应速度表明决定是_____样的”,由题干的关键词“fast-foodlogo”我们可以定位到第三段。第三段开头说，让人做出仓促决定的刺激因素不仅限于人际关系范围内。紧接着一句说人们对快餐商标的反应速度比一般阅读速度快。下一句阐述了原因：因为人们无意识地（unconsciously）将“快餐”与“速度”和“心急”联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动。A说决定是有联系性的正确，因为人们将“快餐”与“速度”，“心急”联系在了一起。B说决定是无意识的，与原文意思相反；C说决定是危险的，原文未提及；D说决定是不冲动的，与原文意思相悖排除。　　33．【答案】[C]thinkbeforeweact　　【解析】细节题。先看题干说“为了逆转仓促决定所带来的影响，我们应该_____”。根据题干定位到第四段。第四段通过两个例子说明我们应该怎样克服负面影响，第一个例子表示“如果我们会对消费产品或者房产选择做出“过度反应”，我们可以在购买之前先思考一会儿”，由此可说明我们应该在行动之前先思考来消除负面影响，因此选择答案C。其他选项均不符合题意。　　34．【答案】[D]adequateinformation　　【解析】细节题。题干问的是“JohnGottman认为可靠的快速反映是基于_____的。”由题干JohnGottman定位到全文倒数第二段。其中第一句：JohnGottman,...explainsthatwequickly“thinslice”informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin”thicksliced”long-termstudy.婚姻专家约翰.古德曼解释说，我们快速反应的信息的可靠性是建立在这样的快速反应的行为是以长期的研究为基础而做出的快速反应行为。其中ground是题干中baseon的同意置换，long-termstudy长期的研究与D选项adequate information相互呼应。由此可判断出[D]adequateinformation（足够的信息）是本题正解。　　35．【答案】[C]optimistic【解析】态度题。根据35题题干reversingthehigh-speedtrend是全文的最后一句，所以解此题可先定位到全文的最后一段。最后一段最后两句：Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.译为“尽管技术可能改变我们反应的方式，但是它并没有改变我们的本性。我们仍然有能力去克服诱惑并扭转这种高速度的趋势。”由此我们可以看出作者的态度是非常确定的，因此[C]optimistic（乐观的）是正解。TEXT436．【答案】Bmenhavethefinalsay　　【解析】根据题干中的关键词Europeancorporateworkplace，定位到文章的第一段.第一句话就明确指出欧洲不是一个性别平等的天堂。接着说，尤其是工作场所从来不是彻底友好的，公司的高层仍旧是清一色的男性。选项B，男性有最后的话语权，是这句话的同义替换，所以正确。　　37．【答案】Aareflectionofgenderbalance　　【解析】根据题干的关键词TheEuropeanUnion，定位到第二段首句，intendedlegislation是对isnowconsideringlegislation的同义改写。该句意思为“欧洲国家现在考虑立法来迫使公司董事让妇女的比例达到60%”，因此立法是为了保持性别的平衡。B选项的reluctant是对第5段的Reding’sreluctance出的干扰项，并不是说EuropeanUnion的立法。C选项aresponsetoReding’scall不正确，Reding号召的是voluntaryaction，D也是干扰项，而真正的立法缘由是对genderbalance的反思，所以A项正确，也是文章中心的反映。　　38．【答案】Agettopbusinesspositions　　【解析】定位至第4段，Reding说自己不喜欢quotas，后面出现了but，他真正的观点在but之后，他说他喜欢quotas所做的事情，即getaction，后面的冒号是对getaction的解释。核心的答案在aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions。aresult是前面内容的同位语，进一步补充说明，所以选A。B项seethroughtheglassceiling是对原文breakthroughtheglassceiling的望文生义，属于肤浅选项，也和原文意思不符。C和D选项属于无中生有。　　39．【答案】Dapproval　　【解析】本题问的是作者对Reding的呼吁的态度。Reding的appeal最早出现在第二段，但是根据自然段界定原则，上一题是第四段，所以这道题只能从第五段开始。作者在第五段给出了自己的观点，先是说可以理解Reding，自己本身也不喜欢quotas，但是“既然现在meritocraticideal（精英管理的理想）有障碍，确实需要一种强制的手段，即强制设定男女比例。”所以可以看出作者是持“赞成”的态度。　　40．【答案】Csuitablepublicpolicies 【解析】题干中的womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlines是对第6段第二句话whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofthecorporatepower的同义改写，becomeheadlines是对后面forexample所举的SherylSandberg的事例的概括。答案出现在第7段开头。第7段是提出一种解决措施，“Ifappropriatepubicchoiceswereinplacetohelpallwomen,...Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthy...”，这个句子是if虚拟条件句，是对未来的一种美好展望，也是提出观点的一种方式，意思是“如果有合理的公共政策来帮助所有的女性，Sandberg也就没有报道价值了”。所以正确答案是C，因为缺少“suitablepublicpolicies”。PartB　41F42E43G44C45D【答案详解】2013年新题型不出所料，考到了《大纲》里出现的，但过去三年里还没有考到过的小标题对应题。根据大纲要求，小标题对应题考查的是考生总结信息、理解信息的能力。其解题方法类似于阅读A部分的主旨大意题，只是阅读A要求概括的是文章的主旨，而此种题型要求概括的是段落大意。那么，解题的时候，考生应该抓住的是段落的主旨，须关注主旨句常常出现的位置，即段落的首尾句，那么解题时必将事半功倍。41.[答案解析]本段第一句后半句出现了结论性的词so，因此是做题时需关注的重点。这句话意为“因此要提前计划好你每周的食谱”。后面第二句第三句都用作者自己的例子来论证提前计划的好处，故能判断出第一句为本段主题句。选项Fplanningiseverything,计划最重要，能够概括本段大意，故为正确答案。42.[答案解析]本段最后一句话“如果你安排合理，就能知道你需要的只是，比如350克牛胫骨和6片培根，而不是超市冷柜里里重量已定的预先包装好的东西”也就是说，提前计划好的话，可以按照自己预想的分量购买自己需要的食品。故只有E选项sticktowhatyouneed符合本段的主题，为正确选项。43.[答案解析]本段第一句说“你可能会很骄傲的宣称你冰箱里剩下的只有冷冻的豌豆了，这并不很好。”最后一句话说“如果你有多余的蔬菜，可以做个蔬菜汤，快要坏掉的水果也可以做成菜或者榨成汁”。因此本段的主旨在于虽然计划很重要，但多余的东西也并不会被浪费掉，G选项wastenot,wantnot与本段的主旨一致，为正确答案。44.[答案解析]本段首句说“对节俭的人来说，这是最好的小建议”。随后提到去小卖店买东西的时候要特别友好，这样的话很快你就可以很自在的询问他们是否有一些零零碎碎的你需要的食材，而且很可能都是免费的。故C选项Shopkeepersareyourfriends符合本段主旨，为正确答案。45.[答案解析]本段首句说“你不经常出去吃饭，但每隔几个月要用的钱去个好的饭店好好吃顿午餐”。因此选项DRemembertotreatyourself是本题的正确答案。Translate 从过去的53年里随便找出一天，我都能够立刻想起那一天我在哪里，那一天发生了什么新闻，甚至那一天是星期几。从4岁起，我就能这么做了。我从来没有为自己所记住的大量的事情而感到不知所措。我似乎能够应对这种状况，能够有条理地将这些信息记在脑子里。当我想起悲伤的事情时，我会像每个人一样，尽力把它放在一边，不去想它。我并不认我因为我的记忆非常清晰，这么做对我来说就很难。强大的记忆力并不能使我的情感更加敏锐和生动。我能够记得我祖父去世的那一天，以及前一天我们去医院的路上所感到的悲伤。同样，我也能记得同一天在百老汇上演的音乐剧《Hair》——这些事情都以同样的方式在我脑海里突然浮现。小作文范文：DearClassmates,　　Iamwritingtonotifyyouofacharitysaleourclasswilloganize.Thedetailedarrangementsareasfollows.　　ThiseventwillbeheldintheplaygroundofouruniversityonMay10,2013,anditwillstartat7andendat10o’clockintheevening.Attheopeningceremony,ourMonitorwillmakeclearthatthepurposeofthesaleistohelpchildrenwhohavedroppedoutofshoolbecausetheirfamilycannotaffordtheirtuitioin.Thenisthetimefordonatingactivity.　　Givingyourloveisavirtue,soIreallyappealtoallthestudentstotakepartinthiseventandIwillbegratefulifyoucomeandgiveyourdonation.　　Sincerelyyours,LiMing大作文范文：TheChangeinCollegeStudents’ThinkingPatterns　　Asisillustratedbythefigureinthechart,thenumberofcollegestudentsdoingpart-timejobshasbeenonrisesteadilyfrom66.77%to88.24duringthefouruniversitylife.Fromthechangeinthechart,itgoeswithoutsayingthatmoreandmorecollegestudentschoosetoengageinoutsideprogramsrecently.　　Consideringthesechanges,wecanfindseveralmainreasons.Firstly,withgrown-upofthestudents,mostparentstendtosupporttheirchildrentogoingouttodosomesocialpractice.Whatismoreimportant,thefastchangingsocietyhasraisedhigherrequirementsforcollegegraduates.TheauthoritiesofChineseuniversityorcollegehavebeenencouragingtheirstudentstodopart-timejobsinthehopethatcollegestudentswouldbroadentheirviewtoknowmoreaboutthesocietyandbecomemoreadaptabletothefutureworkaftertheygraduate.Therefore,morestudentsgoouttravelingordoingsocialpracticesduringthevacations. 　　Asacollegestudent,Ithinkthechartreflectstheexcitingprogressonthecollegestudents’thinkingpatternsfromfreshmantosenior.Wehavebecomemuchmaturetorealizehowtospendoursparetimemeaningfullyandpractically.Fromthechangesinthecharts,itiseasyforustopredictthatmoreandmorecollegestudentswillwalkouttheirhomeandthrowthemselvesintomorevariousvacationactivities.