Petrophysical_consideration_in_evaluation_shale_gas_resources

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1、PetrophysicalConsiderationsinEvaluatingandProducingShaleGasResourcesC.H.Sondergeld1,K.E.Newsham2,J.T.Comisky2,M.C.Rice2,andC.S.Rai11MewbourneSchoolofPetroleumandGeologicalEngineeringUniversityofOklahoma2ApacheCorpSPEUnconventionalGasConference,23-25Feb,PittsburgPennsylvania1E

2、xploitationofGasShalesInvolvesGasFlowatManyScalesIncreasingScalePoreStorageNano-PorosityInterparticle-PorosityFracturePorosityWellbore=TypeCapacityHydraulicFracture1micronFlowFlowBrownianSorptionDiffusionSlippageDarcyPipe=TypeCapacityRandomvibrationParticleElectrochemicalMoti

3、onGradientsViscousKnudsenFreemolecularTransitionSlippageContinuumFlow10Flow0.1Flow0.001FlowflowRegimeUltimatesupplyisgovernedbyflowatthesmallestscales.2PoresizesfromNMRandSEMimagingclayIon-milling-SEMbackscatteredimageboundcapillaryfree1S3TVr20.05mmsr3nmto100nmNMRandS

4、EMagree!3Moncrieff,2009DesirableGasShaleCharacteristicsParameterDesiredResultDehydrationEffects(Sw)<40%SwDepthShallowestDepthinDrygasWindowFractureFabricandTypeVerticalvs.horizontalorientationOpenvs.FilledwithsilicaorcalciteGasCompositionlowCO2,N,andH2SGas-FilledPorosity(Bulk

5、volumegas)>2%GasFilledPorosityGastype(biogenic,thermogenic,ormixed)ThermogenicInternalVerticalHeterogeneityLessisbetterMineralogy>40%QuartzorCarbonates<30%ClaysLowexpandabliltyBiogenicvs.detritalsilicaOGIP(freeandsorbed)>100BCF/sectionPermeability>100nanoDacryPoisson'sRatio(s

6、tatic)<0.25Pressure>0.5psi/ftReservoirTemperature>230FSealsFractureBarriersPresentTopandBaseShowsHighgasReadings-ProductionStress<2000psiaNetLateralStressThermalMaturityDrygaswindow>1.4RoThickness>30mTotalOrganicContent(andType)>2%WettabilityOilpronewettingofkerogenYoung'sMod

7、ulus>3.0MMPSIA4CompositionalVariationinShales(limeysystem)TransmissionFTIR16minerals5CompositionalVariationsinShales%thigeWFTIRpredictmoreclayandlessquartz!Betteragreementwithlogsandpointcounting.6TOCfromLogs:ModifiedPasseyMethod•PasseymethodunderpredictsTOCinmatureandover-ma

8、tureLOM∆logRTOCgasshale•UseMultiplier‘C’•Thisexample…Vro=2.2,LOM=14.