Modern Optical Testing

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1、APPLIEDOPTICSANDOPTICALENGINEERING,VOL.XlCHAPTER1BasicWavefrontAberrationTheoryforOpticalMetrologyJAMESC.WYANTOpticalSciencesCenter,UniversityofArizonaandWYKOCorporation,Tucson,ArizonaKATHERINECREATHOpticalSciencesCenterUniversityofArizona,Tucson,ArizonaI.SignConventions2II.Aberration

2、-FreeImage4III.SphericalWavefront,Defocus,andLateralShift9IV.Angular,Transverse,andLongitudinalAberration12V.SeidelAberrations15A.SphericalAberration18B.Coma22C.Astigmatism24D.FieldCurvature26E.Distortion28VI.ZernikePolynomials28VII.RelationshipbetweenZernikePolynomialsandThird-OrderA

3、berrations35VIII.Peak-to-ValleyandRMSWavefrontAberration36IX.StrehlRatio38X.ChromaticAberrations40XI.AberrationsIntroducedbyPlaneParallelPlates40XII.AberrationsofSimpleThinLenses46XIII.Conics48A.BasicProperties48B.SphericalAberration50C.Coma51D.Astigmatism52XIV.GeneralAspheres52Refere

4、nces531Copyright©1992byAcademicPress,Inc.Allrightsofreproductioninanyformreserved.1ISBN0-12-408611-X2JAMESC.WYANTANDKATHERINECREATHFIG.1.Coordinatesystem.Theprincipalpurposeofopticalmetrologyistodeterminetheaberra-tionspresentinanopticalcomponentoranopticalsystem.Tostudyopticalmetrolo

5、gy,theformsofaberrationsthatmightbepresentneedtobeunderstood.Thepurposeofthischapteristogiveabriefintroductiontoaberrationsinanopticalsystem.Thegoalistoprovideenoughinformationtohelpthereaderinterprettestresultsandsetupopticaltestssothattheaccessoryopticalcomponentsinthetestsystemwill

6、introduceaminimumamountofaberration.Toobtainamoredetaileddescriptionofaberrations,thereadershouldseethereferencesgivenattheendofthechapter.I.SIGNCONVENTIONSThecoordinatesystemisdefinedasright-handedcoordinateandshowninFig.1.Thezaxisisthedirectionofpropagation,thexaxisisthemeridionalor

7、tangentialdirection,andtheyaxisisthesagittaldirection.Thisdefinitionforthemeridionalplaneisnotuniversallyaccepted.Itiscommontousetheyaxisasthemeridionalplane;however,usingthexaxisasthemeridionalplanemakesthemathematicsinthischaptermoreconsistent.Theopticalpathdifference(OPD)isdefineda

8、sthed