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1、Unit1英语词汇概说1.1Language,LinguisticsandLexicologyWhatislanguage?lLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.Whatislinguistics?lGenerallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguistics
2、studiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunicationWhatislexicology?lLexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.2.1Thedefinitiono
3、faword¡Itisquitedifficulttostatethecriteriabywhichawordcanbedefined;sofarnocompletelysatisfactorydefinitionhasbeengiven.¡Inbrief,awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction
4、.Therefore,fromthelexicologicalpointofview,awordisacombinationofform(phonological)andmeaning(lexicalandgrammatical).Inaddition,awordactsasastructuralunitofasentence.¡Tosumup,thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpointslAminimalfreeformofalanguagelAsoundunitylAunitofmeaninglAformthatcanfuncti
5、onaloneinasentence2.2MorphemesThedefinitionofamorphemeThemorpheme(词素)isthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdividableoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbes
6、eparatedintosmallermeaningfulunits.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.WhatisusuallyconsideredasinglewordinEnglishmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:2.3TypesofMorphemes¡Freemorphemes(自由词素)Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandca
7、nbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Therefore,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarecontentmorphemesorfreeroots(自由词根).¡BoundMorphemes(粘着词素)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothe
