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1、HagueRules·名词解释–article1(1):―"Carrier"includestheownerorthechartererwhoentersintoacontractofcarriagewithashipper.―承运人：包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。―"Contractofcarriage"appliesonlytocontractsofcarriagecoveredbyabilloflading.“运输合同”仅适用于以提单进行海上货物运输的合同·名词解释–article1(2):―"Goods"includesgoods,wares,merchandise
2、andarticlesofeverykindwhatsoeverexceptliveanimalsandcargowhichbythecontractofcarriageinstatedasbeingcarriedondeckandissocarried.―货物包括货物、制品、商品和任何种类商品，但活的牲畜和在运输合同上载明装载于舱面并且已经这样装运的货物除外。―"Ship"meansanyvesselusedforthecarriageofgoodsbysea.―"Carriageofgoods"coverstheperiodfromthetimewhenthegoodsareloade
3、dontothetimetheyaredischargedfromtheship.·Theresponsibilityofcarrier(1):―Article3,1―Thecarriershallbeboundbeforeandatthebeginningofthevoyagetoexerciseduediligenceto:(a)Maketheshipseaworthy.(b)Properlyman,equipandsupplytheship.(c)Maketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambers,andallotherpartsoftheshipin
4、whichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.―译:承运人需在开航时和开航前恪尽职责：使船舶适航；适当配备船员，装备和供应船舶；使船上货舱、冷藏舱和其他载货处所，能适宜和安全地接收、运送和保管货物。·Theresponsibilityofcarrier(2):适航：船舶在各方面均能抵御预定航次的通常的和合理预见的风险，以适于妥善安全运送货物。船舶适航shipseaworthiness的要求:―坚固的船舶firmship―船员Crew―装备和供应品Equipment,supply―适货Carg
5、oworthy·Theresponsibilityofcarrier(3):适航责任期间--beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage:―一般解释：至少从船舶开始装货至船舶起航时为止的一段时间Atleastthebeginningoftheloadinguntilthevesselstartsonhervoyage―航段适航原则Doctrineofseaworthinessstage―开航后不适航，承运人的责任？·Theresponsibilityofcarrier(4):克尽职责Duediligence:―解释？―承担着：承运人carrier,船长master,
6、船员crew,承运人的代理和雇佣人员carrier’sagentandservants―模糊过失Indistinctdefection―举证责任Burdenofproving·Theresponsibilityofcarrier(5):―免责条款的应用不能延伸到船舶适航的范围immunityclausescannotbeappliedinshipseaworthy―承运人援引免责前，需要先行举证证明船舶适航或已尽了谨慎处理义务Provingshipseaworthyorduediligencebeforeinvokingimmunityclauses·Theresponsibilityof
7、carrier(6):Article3,2―SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticle4,thecarriershallproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,carefor,anddischargethegoodscarried.―除遵照第四条规定外，承运人应适当和谨慎地装卸、搬运、配载、运送、保管、照料和卸载所运货物。―Properly:业务
