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1、TheOneagainsttheManyInanepochdominatedbytheaspirationsofnewstatesfornationaldevelopment,itisinstructivetorecallthattheUnitedStatesitselfbeganasanunderdevelopedcountry.Everycountry,ofcourse,hasitsdistinctivedevelopmentproblemsandmustsolvethemaccordingtoits
2、owntraditions,capacities,andvalues.TheAmericanexperiencewasuniqueinanumberofways.Thecountrywasblessedbynotableadvantages—aboveall,bythefactthatpopulationandresourceswasobviouslynottheonlyfactorinAmericandevelopment.Hadthatbeenso,theIndians,forwhomtheratio
3、wasevenmorefavorable,wouldhavedevelopedthecountrylongbeforethefirstsettlersarrivedfromovertheseas.Whatmatteredequallywasthespiritinwhichthesesettlersapproachedtheeconomicandsocialchallengesofferedbytheenvironment.Severalelementsseemedfundamentaltothephilo
4、sophywhichfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheAmericancontinent.Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation.ThebeliefthatinvestmentinpeopleisthemostessentialwayforasocietytodevoteitsresourcesexistedfromtheearliestdaysoftheAmericancolonies.Itaroseo
5、riginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment—fromafaithinthedignityofmanandfromtheresultingbeliefthatitistheresponsibilityofsocietytooffermantheopportunitytodevelophishighestpotentialities.But,atthesametime,italsohelpedproducetheconditionsess
6、entialtosuccessfulmodernization.Modernindustrialsocietymustbeaboveallaliteratesociety.Economichistoriansattributetwo-thirdofthegrowthinAmericanoutputoverthecenturiesofAmericandevelopmenttoincreasesonproductivity.Andincreasesinproductivity,ofcourse,comedir
7、ectlyfromthesizeofnationalinvestmentineducationandinresearch.J.K.Galbraithhadrightlyobservedthat“adollarorarupeeinvestedintheintellectualimprovementofhumanbeingswillregularlybringagreaterincreaseinnationalincomethanadollarorarupeedevotedtorailways,dams,ma
8、chinetools,orothertangiblecapitalgoods.”ThesewordsaccuratelyreporttheAmericannationalexperience.AnotherfactorintheprocessofAmericandevelopmenthasbeenthecommitmenttoself-governmentandrepresentativeinstitutions.Wehave
