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1、Unit3TextATracingtheCigarette’sPathFromSexytoDeadlyHOWARDMARKEL,M.D.FormanyAmericans,thetobaccoindustry’sdisingenuousnessbecameamatterofpublicrecordduringaCongressionalhearingonApril14,1994.There,underthewitheringglareofRepresentativeHenryA.Waxman,DemocratofCalifornia,appearedthechie
2、fexecutivesofthesevenlargestAmericantobaccocompanies.Eachexecutiveraisedhisrighthandandsolemnlysworetotellthewholetruthabouthisbusiness.Insequentialtestimony,eachonestatedthathedidnotbelievetobaccowasahealthriskandthathiscompanyhadtakennostepstomanipulatethelevelsofnicotineinitscigar
3、ettes.Thirtyyearsafterthefamoussurgeongeneral’sreportdeclaringcigarettesmokingbelievedotherwise.Butitwasnotalwaysthatway.AllanM.Brandt,amedicalhistorianatHarvard,insiststhatrecognizingthedangersofcigarettesresultedfromanintellectualprocessthattookthebetterpartofthe20thcentury.Hedescr
4、ibesthisfascinatingstoryinhisnewbook,“TheCigaretteCentury:TheRise,FallandDeadlyPersistenceoftheProductthatDefinedAmerica”(BasicBooks).Incontrasttothesymbolofdeathanddiseaseitistoday,fromtheearly1900stothe1960sthecigarettewasaculturaliconofsophistication,glamourandsexualallure—ahighly
5、prizedcommodityforoneoutoftwoAmericans.Manyadvertisingcampaignsfromthe1930sthroughthe1950sextolledthehealthyvirtuesofcigarettes.Full-colormagazineadsdepictedkindlydoctorscladinwhitecoatsproudlylightinguporpuffingaway,withsloganslike“MoredoctorssmokeCamelsthananyothercigarette.”Earlyi
6、nthe20thcentury,oppositiontocigarettestookamoralratherthanahealth-conscioustone,especiallyforwomenwhowantedtosmoke,althougheventhenmanydoctorswereconcernedthatsmokingwasahealthrisk.The1930swereaperiodwhenmanyAmericansbegansmokingandthemostsignificanthealtheffectshadnotyetdeveloped.As
7、aresult,thescientificstudiesoftheeraoftenfailedtofindclearevidenceofseriouspathologyandhadtheperverseeffectofexoneratingthecigarette.TheyearsafterWorldWarII,however,wereatimeofmajor5breakthroughsinepidemiologicalthought.In1947,RichardDollandA.BradfordHilloftheBritishMedicalResearchCo
8、uncilcreated
