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1、MartinLutherandReformationMartinLuther(10November1483-18February1546)wasaGermanmonkpriest,theprofessoroftheologyinUniversityofWittenbergandseminalfigureofthe16thcenturymovementinChristianityknownlaterastheprotestantReformation.HisearlylifeandeducationMartinLutherwasborninHans
2、Luger,thenpartoftheHolyRomanEmpire.HewasbaptizedasaCatholicthenextmorningonthefeastdayofSt.MartinofTours.AfterthatHisfamilymovedtoMansfieldin1484,Lutherhadseveralbrothersandsisters,Hisfatherwasambitiousforhimselfandhisfamily,andhewasdeterminedtoseeMartin,hiseldestson,becomeal
3、awyer.HesentMartintoLatinschoolinMansfield,thenMagdeburgin1497,whereheattendedaschooloperatedbyalaygroupcalledtheBrethrenoftheCommonLife,andEisenachin1498.Thethreeschoolsfocusedontheso-called“tritium”:grammar,rhetoric,andlogic.Lutherlatercomparedhiseducationtheretopurgatoryan
4、dhell.In1501,attheageof19,heenteredtheUniversityofErfurt,whichhelaterdescribedasabeerhouseandwhorehouse.Inaccordancewithhisfather’swishes,Lutherenrolledinlawschoolatthesameuniversitythatyearbutdroppedoutalmostimmediately,believingthatlawrepresenteduncertainty.Luthersoughtassu
5、rancesaboutlifeandwasdrawntotheologyandphilosophy,expressingparticularinterestinAristotle,WilliamofOckham,andGabrielBiel.Hewasdeeplyinfluencedbytwotutors,BartholomewArnoldvonUsingenandJodosusTrutfetter,whotaughthimtobesuspiciousofeventhegreatestthinkersandtotesteverythinghims
6、elfbyexperiencephilosophyprovedtobeunsatisfying,offeringassuranceabouttheuseofreasonbutnoneaboutlovingGod,whichtoLutherwasmoreimportant.ReasoncouldnotleadmentoGod,hefelt,andhethereafterdevelopedalove-haterelationshipwithAristotleoverthelatter’semphasisonreason.ForLuther,reaso
7、ncouldbeusedtoquestionmenandinstitutions,butnotGod.HumanbeingscouldlearnaboutGodonlythroughdivinerevelation,hebelieved,andScripturethereforebecameincreasingimportanttohim.Helaterattributedhisdecisiontoanevent:on2July1505,hewasreturningtoouniversityonhorsebackafteratriphome.Du
8、ringathunderstorm,alightningboltstrucknearhim.Luthertellinghisfather
