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1、StyleandRegister1StyleStylereferstotheformalityofspeech.Ascale:frozen,formal,consultative,casual,andintimate(MartinJoos)(RefertoStyleandPurposebyRandolphQuick)1.1Formalvs.informallanguageFormallanguage,evenwhenspoken,isoftenassociatedwiththeconventionsexpectedofw
2、rittenstandardEnglish.Atitsmostextreme,formallanguageissignaledbycomplex,completesentences,impersonality,avoidanceofcolloquialorslangvocabulary,andaconsistentpreferenceforlearnedwords,oftenderivedfromLatin.Aprototypeofformallanguagemightbethesentencereadoutbyajud
3、geattheendofatrial.Informallanguageischaracterizedbyasimplergrammaticalstructure(i.e.loosely-connectedsentencesandphrases),personalevaluation,andacolloquialorslangvocabulary.Prototypicalinformalspeechwouldbeproducedinarelaxedconversationamongclosefriendsorfamilym
4、embers.1.2FactorsaffectingchoiceofdifferentstylisticvariationsDifferentpeopleexpressthemselvesindifferentways,andthatthesamepersonmayexpressthesameideaquitedifferentlywhenaddressingdifferentaudiencesortacklingdifferenttasks.Wemaytrytorelatethelevelofformalitychos
5、entoavarietyoffactors:thekindofoccasion(publicvs.private);thevarioussocial,age,andotherdifferencesbetweentheparticipants;theparticulartask;theemotionalinvolvement.1.3Stylisticvariations1.3.1PhoneticdifferencesWeshallbewritingtoyouinthenextfewdays….We’llbewriting…
6、.Percentageofr-useinthreeNewYorkCitydepartmentstores(byLabov)Background:NewYorkCitywasr-pronuncingintheeighteenthcenturybutbecamer-lessinthenineteenth,andr-lessnesspredominateduntilSecondWorldWar.Atthattimer-pronunciationbecameprestigiousagain./r/pronunciationaft
7、ervowelswasafeatureofthespeechofyoungerpeople,andwaslikelytooccurastheformalitylevelinspeechincreased,andwouldbemorelikelyattheendsofwords(floor)thanbeforeconsonants(fourth).Labovaskedthelocationofdepartmentsheknewtobesituatedonthefourthfloor.Whentheshopassistant
8、answered,Labovwouldseekacarefulrepletionof‘fourthfloor’bypretendingnottoheartheinitialresponse.ThedataconfirmedLabov’shypotheses.[r]wasfavoredinSakstoagreatere
