The Future of Urban Research-Nonmarket interactions

《The Future of Urban Research-Nonmarket interactions》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。

1、*glaeser6/14/0011:22AMPage101EDWARDL.GLAESERHarvardUniversityTheFutureofUrbanResearch:NonmarketInteractionsmoderngrowththeoryarguesthatintellectualspillovers—ideaflowsamongindividualsthatarenotmediatedbythemarket—arealinchpinofeco-nomicprogress.InPaulRomer’sseminalwork,

2、endogenouseconomicgrowthrequiresincreasingreturns.1Withoutnonmarketintellectualspilloversorsomeformofexternality,increasingreturnsandeconomiccompetitioncannotcoex-ist.InRomer’snowcanonicalmodelofgrowth,ideaflowsareseenasthebasisforeconomicprogress;therobustrelationshipb

3、etweenhumancapitalandeconomicgrowthhasbeentakenassupportfortheimportanceoftheseintellectualspillovers.Socialcapitaltheoryarguesthat“socialcapital,connections,socialnet-worksaremuchmorecorrelatedwithhumanhappinessthanisfinancialcapital.”2InlargesurveyssuchastheGeneralSoc

4、ialSurvey(GSS),measuresofsocialconnection(suchaschurchgoingormembershipinorganizations)aremorestronglyconnectedwithself-reportedhappinessthanincomeis.Thisbodyofresearchalsoclaimsthatnonmarketsocialinteractions(forexample,membershipinchoralsocieties)areanimportantfactori

5、ndeterminingthesuccessofgovernmentsandsocietiesatlarge.Socialtiesamongindividualsarethoughttobecriticalinovercomingcitizens’apathyand“makingdemoc-racywork.”3Thesetwolarge,separateliteratureshaveindependentlyconcludedthatnon-marketinteractionsareextremelyimportant.Onlyan

6、economistcouldbesurprisedbysuchadeduction.Thetendencyofeconomiststoignorethese1.Romer(1986).2.Putnam(1999).3.Putnam(1993).101*glaeser6/14/0011:22AMPage102102Brookings-WhartonPapersonUrbanAffairs:2000interactionshasledustodisregardcriticalsegmentsoftheeconomy.Overthenext

7、tenyears,Ibelievethatnonmarketinteractionswillbeattheforefrontofeconomicresearch.Thereareisolatedexamplesofresearchonnonmarketinteractionsinurbaneconomics,includingAlfredMarshall’sfamousanalysisofhuman-capitaltransfersinagglomeratedareasandJaneJacobs’sdiscussionofideafl

8、owsamonginnovatorsincities.Workonghettosanddiscriminationhasindeedoftenaddressedtheexistenceofnonmarketinterac