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1、TransportationResearchPartA44(2010)575–586ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectTransportationResearchPartAjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/traOpinionPlanningforeconomicandenvironmentalresiliencea,*baSteveWinkelman,AllisonBishins,ChuckKooshianaCenterforCleanAir
2、Policy,750FirstStreet,NE,Suite940,Washington,DC20002,USAbEMBARQ–TheWRICenterforSustainableTransport,GStreetNE,Suite800,Washington,DC20002,USAarticleinfoabstractArticlehistory:ClimateprotectionwillrequiremajorreductionsinGHGemissionsfromallsectorsoftheeconomy,includin
3、gthetransportationsector.Slowinggrowthinvehiclemilestraveled(VMT)willbenecessaryforreducingtransportationGHGemissions,evenwithmajorbreakthroughsinvehicletechnologiesandlow-carbonfuels(Winkelmanetal.,2009).TheCenterforCleanAirPolicy(CCAP)supportsmarket-basedpolicyappr
4、oachesthatmin-imizecostsandmaximizebenefits.OurresearchindicatesthatsignificantGHGreductionscanbeachievedthroughsmartgrowthandtravelefficiencymeasuresthatincreaseacces-sibility,improvetravelchoicesandmakeoptimumuseofexistinginfrastructure.More-over,wefindsuchmeasurescand
5、elivercompellingeconomicbenefits,includingavoidedinfrastructurecosts,leveragedprivateinvestment,increasedlocaltaxrevenuesandconsumervehicleownershipandoperatingcostsavings(Winkelmanetal.,2009).Asasociety,whatwebuild–whereandhow–hasatremendousimpactonourcarbonfootprint
6、,frombuildingdesigntotransportationinfrastructureandland-usepatterns.Theempiricalandmodelingevidenceisclear–peopledrivelessinlocationswithefficientlandusepatterns,highqualitytravelchoicesandreinforcingpoliciesandincentives(Ewingetal.,2008).Itisalsoclearthatthereisgrow
7、ingandunmetmarketdemandforwalkablecommunities,reinforcedbydemographicshiftsandhigherfuelprices(Leinberger,2006;Nelson,2007).TransportationpolicyintheUnitedStatesmustrisetomeetthisdemandformoretravelchoicesandmorelivablecommunities.Theacademic,ideologicalandpoliticald
8、ebatesaboutthelevelofGHGreductionsandpenetrationratesthatcanorshouldbeachievedviasmartgrowthandpricingontheonehand,ormeasuressuchas
